Finding the Truth in the Situation Essay examples -- Literary Analysis

William Shakespeare has yet again created a world of good and evil. In his work Othello, the ideals and principles of this world are just like whatsoever other with a twist brought upon by two parts, Othello and Iago. These two characters along with many others employ the central idea of what good and evil entails. However, neither Othello nor Iago sustain just one and all(a) of these traits. Othello is not just the pure perfect guy he is perceived to be and Iago is not just the evil vindictive character he is believed to be but rather both of these men are far more interesting than that. They both have the necessary qualities that get them through with(predicate) support history and potentially threaten their lives. Through their actions and interactions with the other characters that they existingly are is shown.Othello seems to have a really rough time finding the truth in people. The reasoning behind this is simply the way he acts around people. Although Othello is a cul tural and racial outsider in Venice, his skill as a soldier and leader is nevertheless valuable and necessary. He is after all a man in high power and is respected for that simple fact. Essentially, the first tint that is made upon the reader of Othello is not one of high quality. He was called many names of which had to do mostly with his racial background some of these names acknowledge the Moor (I.i.57), an old black ram (I.i.88), and a Barbary horse (I.i.113). The two characters that begin the cruel introduction of Othello are two trusted comrades, one cosmos Iago. Right from the start, Iago already begins the demise of Othello. Now since Othello made this decision to trust and simply see the good in everyone rather than the truth in everyone his life got turned upside down and started to take ... ...re. He is like a chameleon, loves the attention he receives when entering a room, yet he can conk out in with the crowd when need be. No one could ever see the real Iago becaus e he never let anyone, even his wife Emilia, know the real him.Both Othello and Iago have many different qualities but the ones that are the same are what proves the point of them not just simply being two sides of one coin. Othello had many weaknesses and Iago plays off every single one of them, the hellish villain(V, ii, 354) that Iago is killed every living ounce that was left in Othello, and once the truth came to the surface, Othello only wished he could awaken and arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell (III, iii, 507). The fact that Iago had ensnared Othellos soul and body (V, ii, 354) made Othello believe that honestys a fool (III, iii, 436) and his life was over.

Theme of Revenge in Ovids Metamorphoses Essay -- Ovid Metamorphoses E

Theme of Revenge in Metamorphoses Revenge is a recurring theme in the book Metamorphoses. It is usually the cause of any(prenominal) geological fault the stories be explaining. The gods are always avenging themselves and changing mortals into animals or plants so that they can prove their own superiority. The first instance of a revenge transformation is when Jove turns Lycaon into a wolf. Lycaon met Jove in a mortal form but didnt believe that he was actually a god. Lycaon tried to kill Jove while he was sleeping. later on that he boiled human flesh and tried to feed it to Jove. This is the reason for Joves revenge and Lycaons transformation. Io was a young girl who Jove raped, and Juno had suspected this. Jove turned Io into a dismay in the hope that Juno would not find out about the rape. Despite this transformation, Juno still thought that the cow was a girl. She asked Jove if she could have the cow, and he agreed, believing it would silence Junos suspicion s. Juno gave Io to Argus, to watch, because she was still skeptical of the cows aline identity. Because Argus protected Io, Jove could not get back to her. He sent Mercury to kill Argus. The murder of Argus convinced Juno that the cow was really Io. The jealous Juno drove Io mad. Io, in return, prayed to Jove to be turned back into a nymph. Finally Juno was satisfied with torturing Io and allowed the nymph to assume her true form. Another example of revenge is when Mercury stole Apollos cattle. The only person who saw the crime was a man named Battus. Mercury bribed the man with one of the cow so that he would not reveal what he knew. Mercury then tested Battus word by changing his form and voice, and then going ba... ...evenge involving Hercules was when Juno bribed the goddess of vaginal birth to prevent Alcmena from delivering her baby, Hercules. Juno was jealous because Jove was the babys father, and she wanted to make it as difficult as possible for Alcmena. Th e birth goddess crossed her legs, preventing the delivery of the child. Alcmenas servant, Galanthis, tricked the birth goddess into standing and Alcmena delivered the child safely. As punishment for the servants deception, the birth goddess turned Galanthis into a weasel. There are many examples of transformation and revenge in Ovids book Metamorphoses. Revenge brings about transformation, whether the people are turned into animals, plants, monsters, constellations, or fish. All of the instances of revenge in Metamorphoses are important, and they play an important role in telling the story.

Complete Despair in in Anton Chekhovs Misery Essay -- Antov Chekhovs

In the story Misery by Anton Chekhov, I identified despair and miseryas a theme. The surroundings amplify the sentiment of the main character, IonaPotapov. Cold and gray surrounds Iona Potapov and he is extremely miserable.Iona Potapov wants to speak to another human about his sons death but no onewill listen. Failing to speak with any humans, Iona is resigned to speak withhis horse.At the beginning of the story Anton Chekhov sets the environment for thestory. The twilight of evening. (30) While reading this story, I datethe scenery by what Anton Chekhov wrote. Big flakes of wet snow are whirlinglazily about the street lamps, which have just been lighted, and lying in a thinsoft layer on the roofs, horses backs, shoulders, caps. (30) The pictureportrayed is that of dull, gloomy, sludge and gray ash covering all of thesurrounding areas. The familiar gray landscape. (30)The dispair and nakedness that Iona feels are sorrow. May it do yougood . . . But my son is dead, mate . . . Do yo u hear? (33). Ionadesperately wants to come apart about his sons death, and how it is affecting him.He wants to tell how his son was taken ill, how he suffered, what he saidbefore he died, how he died(34). Ionas son has died, and he feels as though itshould have been he to the overweight instead of his youthful son. My son ought tobe driving not I(34).The gray dismal surroundings entrap Iona and make the desolation worse...

Bad Apples Essay -- English Literature Essays

Bad ApplesA Poison Tree by William Blake is a short poem about life in general. The poem teaches its readers a worthful lesson about anger. Anger has power over ones mind and actions. If a person holds in their feelings, especially anger, it can pull that person down emotionally as evident in the poem A Poison Tree. This poem written by William Blake describes the darker emotions such as anger, hatred and Schadenfreude. The poem refers to apple lambent in the garden which may lead readers to infer a Biblical reference to the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. Man, inflicting death upon his foe, is more furious than the God of Genesis who banished the sinners from paradise. Paradise is a place that God created for Adam and Eve at the beginning of time. The fruit mentioned in the Bible is that of a proscribe tree whose mortal taste brought death into the world and all our woe. The poem mainly deals with anger. The beginning of the poem begins by depicting a scenario in which a man told his friend he was angry with him, yet they were able to work out their differences and resolve the issue. His anger dissipated shortly afterwards, and the friendship continued to experience like a seedling soon becomes a tree with strong roots. Blake was also angry at his enemy, but Blake could not do the same as he did with his friend. He keeps his anger secret from his enemy. Blake made a mistake by not allowing his anger to escape. His anger grew both day and night. H...

The Other Side of Paradise :: Free Essays Online

The Other Side of Paradise Any avid mantrap of television has seen the advertisement. The sun reflects over a gleaming ocean, ornately dressed women dance in circles, smiling couples dine at sunset, children laugh and run crossways the beach, then the announcer says, come to Barbados, paradise awaits you. Although I consider myself a grounded and logical person, I confess that each time the announcer alluringly gives the invitation, wistful thoughts run through my head. The brain of leaving behind the chaos of everyday life and retreating to a place of laughter and no worries is truly tempting. I do not even typically enjoy the beach, but the concept of paradise, whatever that may mean, attracts me. Where does the glamour of travel come from? What is it about Americans that makes them desperate to escape? The obvious answer to this, or the retort question would be what is it about Americans that causes them so much stress? Ive been told that comp ard to the rest of the world, Americans spend an average of fifteen percent more time working. A thirty-hour week in Europe is considered a full-time job In America forty hours is a conservative estimate. Less developed continents have overturn employment rates and by default do not place as much emphasis on working. However, in America working and cosmos a contributing part of society is a large part of proving self-worth. This work leads to the need for rest. One author stated that, The realization of the need for pleasure and travel is an awareness of an affective state usually signaling physical and/or mental exhaustion, and/or social needs such as comprehension or inclusion. The need can also come about through a realization of curiosity for certain experiences. Both types of need are a lot linked with the habitualized opportunity to travel (Boshoff et. al. 155). Rest comes in many forms some people find it in exercise, some in zoning out in front of a TV or going out for a nice meal, and others throug h drugs or alcohol. However travel is somewhat of an American pastime. about everyone remembers packing up for family vacations in their younger years. Trips to the store for sunscreen, bug spray and snacks, fights over who gets the window seat, games to entertain on the trip, and threats by exhausted, frustrated, and often lost parents are all parts of growing up.

The Other Side of Paradise :: Free Essays Online

The Other Side of Paradise Any avid viewer of television has seen the advertisement. The sunlight reflects over a gleaming ocean, ornately dressed women dance in circles, smiling couples dine at sunset, children laugh and run across the beach, then the announcer says, begin to Barbados, paradise awaits you. Although I consider myself a grounded and logical person, I confess that each time the announcer alluringly gives the invitation, wistful thoughts run through my head. The idea of leaving base the chaos of everyday life and retreating to a place of laughter and no worries is truly tempting. I do not even typically enjoy the beach, nevertheless the concept of paradise, whatever that may mean, attracts me. Where does the glamour of travel come from? What is it about Americans that makes them desperate to escape? The obvious answer to this, or the counter question would be what is it about Americans that causes them so much stress? Ive been told that compared to the rest of t he world, Americans spend an average of fifteen percent more time working. A thirty-hour week in Europe is considered a full-time job In America forty hours is a conservative estimate. Less developed continents have lower employment pass judgment and by default do not place as much emphasis on working. However, in America working and being a add part of society is a large part of proving self-worth. This work leads to the lease for rest. One author stated that, The realization of the need for recreation and travel is an sensory faculty of an affective state usually signaling physical and/or mental exhaustion, and/or social needs such as recognition or inclusion. The need can also come about through a realization of curiosity for certain experiences. Both types of need are often linked with the habitualized probability to travel (Boshoff et. al. 155). Rest comes in many forms some people find it in exercise, some in zoning out in front of a TV or going out for a nice meal, and o thers through drugs or alcohol. However travel is somewhat of an American pastime. Most everyone remembers packing up for family vacations in their younger years. Trips to the store for sunscreen, bug spray and snacks, fights over who gets the window seat, games to entertain on the trip, and threats by exhausted, frustrated, and often lost parents are all part of growing up.

How animals save the planet Essay

Narwhals like these help scientists leading global warming in the Arctic. These fabulous looking tusked whales, also known as the unicorns of the sea, are measuring changing temperatures in Greenlands arctic waters to track global warming. Climate scientists at the University of Washington attached thermometers and small satellite transmitters to the narwhals, who can dive far deeper than humans. As a result they found that waters in Greenlands Baffin bay laurel are 0.9 degrees C warmer than formerly calculated.DogsWorking Dogs for saving in action.Humankind has long looked to its best friend to lend a helping snout whether its a hunter tracking down prey or a police officer searching for drugs. Now groups like Working Dogs For Conservation and UK-based Conservation Dogs use dogs to sniff out endangered animals and plants like jaguars in the Amazon or black bears in China so researchers can track and save them.BirdsBirds are natural recyclers.While our feathered friends in mo re urban sphere of influences have been known to utilize trash like string and paperclips in the building of their nests, male bowerbirds in Australia and New Guinea repurpose bright plastic containers and bottle caps to build their elaborate bowers, arched walkways carefully decorated and designed to curl up female partners.OctopiA resourceful manta searches for suitable shelter.Another animal recycler, the octopus is renowned for its intelligence and use of to a faultls. Certain species like the veined octopus build shelters from sea shells, coconut shells, or more human debris. As this video shows, octopi enjoy hiding inside of glass jars they find on the oceanics floor, putting what would otherwise be trash to good use.RatsAn African giant pouched rat sniffs out a landmine.Like dogs, rats have a superior sense of sense. African giant pouched rats like the one pictured here sniff out land mines while being too light toactually set them off. Anti-landmine organization APOPO dubs them HeroRATS for their ability to help the group find these environmentally hazardous, not to mention dangerous, weapons.BeesBees use their keen sense of smell to recover environmental contaminants. Bees are widely talented and have a sensitivity to smells, tastes, and colors. Theyre also highly communicative, using sound and dance to let out amongst themselves. It turns out that they can recognize specific types of chemicals and send off a certain buzzing sound depending on what chemical is released into the air. This is helping humans detect toxic chemicals in the environment and could be useful in detecting chemical warfare attacks.Sea Lions and SealsA sea lion measuring ocean conditions.Like the narwhals, sea lions and seals can easily dive deep below the waters surface to track climate change. Researchers at the University of California Santa Cruz imprecate on them to measure salinity, temperature, and other conditions so we can develop better models of ocean water ci rculation. Elephant seals in the Arctic measure temperature and have also been utilise to track the health of U.S. salmon populations.MulesA mule measures radiation levels.Sarah and Little Kate are two mules that have been recruited to brave the conditions of the Santa Susana Field Laboratory outside of Los Angeles. A 1959 leak at the laboratory left radiation that may still linger in the area. Equipped with gamma radiation scanning equipment, the mules investigate the area and report back to government officials conducting this study. While it may not be ethical to subject animals to hazardous areas, the work they are doing may end up making the area safer for humans and animals alike.

Critical Analysis of Frustration Essay

The concept of this story is that warfare can never be warrant through self-righteousness. That is, if a person is trying to start a war because he thinks himself to be better than his target, there is no hardly reason for him to do it. Most, if non all, wars are primarily begun by one objet dart accept himself to be better than is target. This is proven through the history of Rome and other nations. plainly what run intos war exactlyified? Is there ever a reason to destroy others life? The answer is no. Starting a war can never be justified. This story proves that.In Frustration a soldiery is trying to fancy proof that a justified war is hence possible. His advanced technology allows him to run through computer simulations which, in theory, would find a series of razets that would make this mans war, right. The main issue that is brought up is that a computer, in itself, lacks self-righteousness, meaning that it originatoritys a much higher value on human lives than the average human does. except how does this make any inconsistency? Humans naturally believe that they are in some way better than each other.If a man thinks that he is better than another man than what is to stop him from attempting to subdue and enslave the lesser man? It is this self-righteousness, unchanged by generations, that causes all wars. All through that ages humanity has stayed the same in their behaviors and characteristics. This story implies this even at the very beginning of it. The whole meal has been prepared by computer.Untouched by human hands. With these words we know that this story takes place in the future. Herman Gelb, the main protagonist in the story, is at a meeting ith the computer programmer Peter Jonsbeck. Immediately the conversation is turned upon the activities of old man Hargrove, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. Herman is intrigued by the fact that Hargrove is intent on finding a war that is justifiable and efficient. At questioning this, Her man get the response from Peter, He wants the world to be the way we are-noble, honest, decent, full of respect for human rights and so on. Now we know that it is the self-righteousness of Hargrove that is leading him to perform these computer simulations.It shows that, in this authors view, humanity is same(p)ly to stay unchanged in the future ignorant from their distaste of the other man, self-righteousness driving them to believe that they are the best in the world. And so our characteristic of self-righteousness never changes. Our personal beliefs can never justify war. Self-righteousness makes us blind to the true needs of our fellow man, and in the end brings withstand among people, and war. Peter makes the quote, And theyre keeping the pressure on us, too.They dont think were perfect, this shows that self-righteousness never travels one way, that is, one person whitethorn think he is ace to someone else but that someone else will not think that person superior to him. In t he story the three hands all believe that they need to conquer the world in outrank to make it like them.They use this to justify their reason for war. When Peter says, Hargrove thinks it is possible to find some combination of starting conditions and courses of development that will result in clear victory for us and not too much damage to the world, and he labors in constant frustration. , we know that Hargrove is so consumed by his self-righteousness that he labors furiously in order to find some kind of equation that will make his war just. This relates to human nature in a way that is explicitly obvious. We do not want to be alone in the world and because try to make others to be like us. Sadly in this process we begin to believe that we are better than our fellow man. This is not so. After all, says Peter, It may be that even the losing nations would benefit from being directed by us, with our stronger economy and stronger moral sense.These men in the story are blind. In be lieving that they have a stronger moral sense, they have proven their humanity. What kind of people, with a strong moral sense, would attempt to take over nations, in order for those nations to be like them. As a people we zest not to be alone but to be supported. However, through this desire, we get blinded from our true motives. Attempting to imbibe a people is not moral or just. It is simply, wrong. As a race we tend to put a much higher value on ourselves and our desires than the needs of our neighbours.Computers have no sense of self-righteousness, which is one of the key components of humanitys character. Herman mentions to Peter that there would be casualties. In reply Peter says, Yes, of course. precisely the computer will presumably compare the casualties and other damage-to the economy and ecology, for instance-to the benefits that would derive from our control of the world, and if it solves the benefits outweigh the casualties, then it will give the go-ahead for a jus t war. The computers in the story could not find a good enough excuse for a just war because they had no sense of self-righteousness.They did not believe that they needed to be in control of the world and subdue other nations. In response to an accusation from Gelb that Peter is in the computer schedule business for the money, Peter defends himself saying, There wont be a war. Theres no realistic combination of events that would make the computer decide on war. The computers put a much higher value on life than Hargrove and the others. Hargrove believed that the other nations needed to be controlled by them in order that they be proper nations. The computers could not justify war by the humans need to be in control.Gelb is curious as to why there will not be a war so Peter tells him, I dont know any way of programming a computer to give what is most needed in any war, any persecution, any shenanigan, while ignoring any harm that may be done in the process. Sadly this is true. Any war, in order to be begun, needs some sort of devilry in order for it to get a kickoff. Computers have no sense of devilry because they have no self-righteousness, and, therefore, they can find a reason to start a war for just reasons. Those reasons simply do not exist. Human nature never changes. Wars are wrought. Lives are lost.These wars can never be justified by mans need to be superior to his neighbour. Ever since the dawn of mankind, wars have been fought because one man, or people, believed they were the superior. This characteristic had never changed through our history, and it never will. God gave us the command to love our neighbour as ourselves. However, as this story dictates, people often love themselves way more than their fellow man. Destruction and chaos have been driven by humanities self-righteousness. But as the story dictates, self-righteousness is never focused one way. People will not freely believe that someone else is better than them.We want others to be li ke us because we do not want to be alone in the world. Unfortunately through this process, we begin to believe that we are better than other people. This desire for attention leads to some of the worlds greatest tragedies and depressions. Computers lack what war needs in order to be begun. They lack any sense of devilry and self-righteousness. They place a higher value on life than the average man. Never will they justify war for the sole reason to assimilate another people or nation. No set of equations or circumstances can lead a computer to giving the OK for a just war. It just will not happen.

Berlin Wall Essay

The Berlin breakwater caused much strife during its existence. It started with the employment between the USSR and the Allies and quickly escalated from there. The long historic period it stood were broad(a) of separation and conflict. The story of the Berlin jetty is not integrity easily forgotten.During WWII the Soviet army captured the German city of Berlin. The U.S., Great Britain, France, and the Soviet inwardness all told occupy a sector of Berlin. The fall in States, Britain, and France occupied sectors in double-u German and Berlin while the Soviet Union occupied the vitamin E. Because of this, when the Cold War started, east leap out and air jacket Berlin were divided both in opinion and territory.The Soviets were communist and the leaders of West Ger many an(prenominal) were determined that all of Germany should be communistic. The Soviets tried to force the Western powers to give up their control all over their three sectors. After their attempts to convinc e them to give up their control fai guide, the Soviet side cut West Berlin, which was isolated in the spunk of East Germany, from all land and air travel. West Berlin was frozen and starving, plainly they refused to give in.The Western Allies started what is commonly known as the Berlin Airlift. Great amounts of feed and supplies were dropped by plane. West Berlin was not given up by the Allies. East Germany however, did give up the blockade of West Berlin after a year. They determined that something else must(prenominal) be done.East Berlin lost many wad to West Berlin. It was said approximately two and a half million slew escaped the communistic East Germany simply by crossing the border from East Berlin into the West. A common method of this escape was by subway. At one station they believed that one out of every three people leaving the station was actually an escaping citizen of East Germany. East Germany was rapidly losing its much needed work force.Walter Ulbricht was t he man most blamed for the building of the Berlin Wall. In public, he denied all rumors of sluice the consideration of cutting off the border routes. The denial of the idea of closing the border was a plan to keep the flow of people escaping from increasing before the protect was strengthened. Ulbricht believed that people would desperately flee as soon as they heard of the plans for the palisade.On a Saturday night in 1961, the wall was hastily built. Since it was the weekend, the unsuspecting people were vacationing after their week of long work and did not notice the recondite rolls of barbwire and timber slashed away where the wall was to be built. lot whose houses stood where the separation was were no bimestrial allowed to use their Western doors. Many used the windows to escape but others were caught by the East police or lost their lives in the process. By the end of the first couple weeks, the windows and doors were sealed off with bricks.The Berlin was more than a split of grey concrete. It was watchtowers, guards, guns, barbed wire, and even mines. As determined as many East Berliners were to cross to liberty, they had to risk so much in the process. For many, the risk led to their deaths.The wall was disapproved of by many of the citizens. Because of the sudden construction, many families were instantly separated. The dangers sometimes outweighed the thought of unification. Wanting to at the very least understand their loved ones, platforms were built on the West side of the wall and families would find some comfort in mere glimpses of their loved ones.Another negativity of the wall was the sheer conflict of beliefs. Some who did not share the opinions of Germany were quickly forced in a worryatic situation. They couldnt escape from the strict rules of communism. The wall had clearly put them on the wrong side.Family and beliefs were not the only things the wall separated. Though not physically, the Berlin wall drew a line right through Germany. You were either East German or you were West German. There were no in between grey sections. People had to choose sides or their side was chosen for them. Of course, through all this, France, Britain, and the joined States stood beside their West German sectors. Tension of the cold was thick. Many showed what side they were on by simply choosing to support East or West Germany. Those who supported the East were Communistic. Those who supported West Germany were supporters of democracy of destitutedom.The problems within East Germany became more and more obvious as time went on. The most obvious problem was the existence of the wall itself. Many died from the wall and it wasnt just the start. The problems of East Germany were from social to economic.At first, it was very possible to make it across the wall. People would break through with trucks, give tunnels, fight their way across, sneak across during construction, forge papers, and all manner of escape. People didnt le t the risk of death keep them from their freedoms and families. Not everyone was well-situated enough to make it across.One example of misfortune was a pair of young men who determined to sneak across a weak sort of the wall. The first do it successfully across, but his friend did not. Shot by the guards, the young man lay injured and bleeding at the wall. Still on the East side, people from the West could not retrieve the dying young man. The guards waited for him to bleed out before disposing of his body. His screams and cries for help haunted and outraged the people. Fearing a emerging uprising, the guards were commanded to move bodies and dying individuals out of sight so the people wouldnt be quite as disturbed by their deaths.After many made it across the Berlin wall, it was settled to reinforce the wall. This reinforcement crushed many peoples hope of ever crossing and killed many of those that retained their hope. The wall at first had been simply a tall concrete wall w ith armed watchtowers, searchlights, and barbed wire. The reinforcement included a higher fence with a mainstay of concrete that was seemingly impossible to grip, extra fences, tripwires connected to automatic machine guns, and a seemingly hopeless run to safety. Forged papers at the gate were the most likely means of escape after the reinforcement.In East Germany, the work hours were long, the opportunities were few, the tension was high, and the rules were strict. Music was censored and lives were limited. East Germans created a distinct socialization because they had to revoke breaking so many rules. You watched what you said and who you were with.Rules in East Germany were not taken lightly because the people never k forward-looking when they were being watched. The neighbors, their best friend, their lover, or even their mother couldve been one of them one of the agents for Germanys secret police, that is. The secret police were called Stasi. Anyone could be suspected of bei ng part of the Stasi, since the Stasi used anyone they could.The Stasi was a immense network of agents who watched over East Germany. They had their eyes on over one-third of the population. The Stasi spied on, arrested, and manipulated countless people. They picked up on plans of escape, wormed their way into possible rebellion for information, and even unplowed records of their targets lives in incredible detail. Along with the suspicious activity they stored in the files pertaining to the lives of their targets, they included elaborate plans for their victims. These plans interfered with lives, ruined marriages, kept certain kids from getting into universities, and even destroyed futures. They didnt accept for any possible uprising. They snuffed out any spark that could lead to anything contradictory to East Germanys policies.Pollution was a study problem in East Germany. Their pollution was actually so great that it actually caused diseases not seen since Victorian ages. The diseases killed many of the people. People started environmental programs to try and do something about the pollution and stop the tragedy of diseases.A bit of freedom was the beginning of change and the start of hope in East Germany. The rules were loosened on churches across the land. Slowly but surely the church became the centers of protest across the land. People came to meetings with the accepted excuse of praying for the country or involvement at environmental programs at the church. The church quietly became the center of reformists.Because of the hope sprouted by the reformist church meetings, a protest of seventy-thousand people occurred openly in East Germany. The dry land watched in tense concern. Many feared that East German officials would use the China option where they would simply massacre the protestors like what had recently occurred in China. The world was shocked when there seemed to be no immediate consequences for the massive protest.The opening of the Berlin wall was a great event and actually an accident. After many years of separation and conflict, one mans misunderstood words caused the great event. While an East German bureaucrat, Gnter Schabowski, was at a press throng on November 9th, 1989, his uncertain answer to a simple question was misunderstood. The mis determineing was that travel restrictions were being lifted and effective immediately. People flooded to the gates of the wall demanding access they believed was granted by one man who simply misspoke. These people could not be turned away though what Schabowski had said was farthermost great than what the authorities had intended to do.For hours, the gates remained closed and the guards were hammered by questions and demands from the eager citizens. The guards tried to get an order from the higher ups, but at the time the solely system of authority was in chaos and disorder. No one seemed to know what to do. Finally, at about 1130 that night, after countless meetings and useless environ calls, the order went out to open the gates. This order was given by Lieutenant-Colonel Harald Jger, the senior officer in charge at the Bornholmer Strasse border crossing. When he gave the order, people flooded through the gates and climbed the walls.Harald Jger later gave his report of what had occurred that night. It was apparent to all of the guards that something was amiss and that people would soon show up trying to exsert through the gates as they watched the press conference. They were all surprised at the words spoken at the press conference but did not understand the enormity of the consequences that were to come. He said, All I thought was Now youve got to find out whether theyre allowed to travel immediately or not.He called his higher up to ask, but it was apparent that he was just as surprised and simply ordered him not to let anyone through. Harald apparently held countless meetings with his officers all that afternoon. Everyone demanded that he te ll them what to do. Fearing the consequences of letting them through and wanting to know if the men would support his decision, he had asked if they should open fire on the people. When the guards objected he knew what he must do. The people were bound to get hurt in a scuffle if he waited too long so he reached his decision. I gave my people the order Open the barThe destruction of the wall was almost immediate. The world watched in awe as the socialistic experiment on East Germany quickly crumbled as the East and West citizens of Germany united in joy and merriment. The opening of the wall was well received by the West. That very night, they made their way over the wall to join and walk on air with their Eastern brethren. Even the premier of West Germany called the current President of the U.S., George H. W. Bush, and ecstatically relayed the events of the night.They knew Germany would never be the same. Despite all the official government problems with the occasion of the wall falling, the East and West strove to be together again. After forty years of that cursed wall, the people finally had their chance to tear it down. They gladly took that chance. The people of the albumin House shared the Chancellors enthusiasm and encouraged the President to go to Germany. The President refused to take any credit in the happening, This is the German moment.The people of Germany jumped at their chance to seize freedom and unity. They feared they would lose the opportunity as abruptly as it came. Germans wanted freedom to decide their own fate. They wanted the freedom to see their loved ones and choose who they wanted to lead them. They wanted to be a whole nation again. As joyous as the world was at the fall of the wall, many feared what was to come. How would the world take it? What would it lead to? How was the Soviet Union going to authorisele this? The very symbol of socialism had fallen by the hand of its own people. Was this reunion of sides going to be allo wed? Or would there be a violent backlash? Leaders and the world watched anxiously. There were so many consequences that could occur, but everyone simply wondered whether they would be positive or negative.Mikhail Gorbachev was a name well known among the USSR. He was the man who was trying to reform the Soviet Union from the inside. He was trying to make a smasheder, greater Soviet Union, but even his supporters in the Soviet began to think he had taken it too far with the opening of the wall. It had never been his intention to open the wall, but it had happened on his watch. Everyone feared that this would somehow end up in force-out.A man by the name of Helmut Kohl, the Chancellor of Germany, saw this even at the opportunity to reunite Germany. Many called his idea premature and the very idea made people uneasy. The notion of having a reunified strong Germany struck concern into Germanys neighbors and nations around the world and Europe. People feared another German attack and the change that could take place. As much as the concept of reunification was feared, it turned out that it was actually out of the European leaders hands and in the peoples.The people of Germany started the ball rolling on the reunification of Germany. Within the first day of the fall of the wall, over one million East Germans made their way to West Berlin and within the first week over nine million had done the same. It was almost a large party. The mood was full of celebration. They were even given a welcome gift as they came. People went to shop and to drink and simply enjoy the fact that they were now on the other side of the wall and the gates were open.It became extremely obvious to the East Germans that in the flesh(predicate) freedom meant that they had the option of doing whatever they desired to do. They could lose their job, try to find a new one, follow their dreams, and they all had to change. The preservation of East Germany couldnt avoid a drastic change. It was u nstable, but the Germans determined that they were going to do what they wanted.Though it was roughly known that the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl desired a reunified Germany, he had not officially stated any means of doing so. Upon hearing that others were already beginning to discuss their own plans for East and West Germany, the Chancellor felt that he should back a speech that stated his views and display his plan for reunification. The plan was supposed to take about five to seven years to complete and had been carefully crafted within his group of trusted advisors.Helmut Kohl had not consulted with his allies before holding his bold speech for the entire world to hear. Had he done so, he believed the speech would pay back never been made. Thought his speech had been a gamble, it was one that paid off. Because of it, he was personally identified with reunification of Germany. The United States decided to fully support Kohls plan for reunification. The only problem now lay in convincing the leaders of France and Britain that a reunified Germany would be beneficial to Europe.While world leaders struggled to decide what was to be done and what Germany was to become, the people of Germany had gathered their own to plan their new land. They continued to daily tear down more and more of the ugly wall that had so long separated them. The people didnt want a Germany that was simply a larger West Germany, but a completely new Germany that took both the best of the West and the East. The people planned on taking this into their own hands and becoming a form of Democracy. The group who were planning such an event was a group called the Round Table. Among one of the first things they strove for was and open pick in East Germany, something that hadnt been done in over sixty years.Of course, not everything would turn out right. One major cause of concern was when the Round Table had received a report that things were turning violent. An angry take was reported st orming the East German secret polices, the Stasis headquarters. They feared that many were about to be lynched, but to their surprise, the mob simply stormed the headquarters and no violence actually seemed to occur. They now found themselves surrounded by mass amounts of information, years of spying and reports written about them. They had overthrown the Stasi.In March of 1990, East Germany held their first election in over sixty years. Many were torn between voting for the conservative West German runners since they had the money to pull them out of their bad economy and the Democratic candidates of the East that had pulled them out of their situation in the first place. As time when on, many began to realize that the people were pushing for materialism over all other things. The feeling of revolution was quickly dying out as they voted for those they believed would grant them prosperity. It was all too obvious that a new Germany was no longer desired. The East simply wanted to be like the West. The majority of the elected officials were rich conservative Westerners and only a handful of reformists.A major problem with the gradual reunification was the horrid, polluted economical state of East Germany. It dawned on many Westerners that they would have to pay a lot of the price for the East German pollution problems. It was estimated that as the lifelong security of jobs guaranteed by the strict East Germany was destroyed that almost every two out of three jobs were lost by East Germans. They abruptly had to face the reality of joblessness and strive to succeed in other places.Despite the hardships, Germany was indeed being unified. One of the symbols of reunification was when the leaders of France, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union gathered to watch the removal of checkpoint Charlie, one of the focal points of the Cold War. The Soviets were facing the reality that their East German socialist imperium was quickly meeting its end . The last thing blocking German unification was Soviet permission for Germany to join North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). When this was surprisingly overcome, there was nothing standing in the way. On October 1st, 1990, the four victorious powers formally gave up their rights to Germany.Germany was now free to do as they chose. Less than a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall on October 3rd, 1990, Germany became one nation. Mikhail Gorbachev was forced to resign and blamed for the fall of the Soviet empire who suffered a great privation when Gorbachev chose to give up Germany. Despite this, he believed he had done the right thing in the end. The leaders involved in the reunification of Germany all seemed to stand by their decisions that it was right to let Germany choose who it was going to be. The Cold War had peacefully ended.The people of East Germany were now free and unified. They were free to enjoy music, free to see their families, free to choose their own jobs, f ree to say what they wanted, and free from fear of the Stasi. East and West Germany ceased to exist, and though there is still a tone between the people, they grow more and more unified as time passes on. Parts of the wall still stand, but people now simply see it as a reminder of what had been and a way to urge themselves to look to a greater future.

Betrayal Hypothetical

In addition, I will discuss this as it retains to utilitarianism, egoism, and Interpretations of the Golden Rule from Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Confucianism. I will also discuss the results by the application to the facts and consider the questions Was It right for you to forge your clients signature on the register? Would your answer be the same if the client was your child, spouse, or p bent? And communicate the peremptory and negative outcomes of each response. For me, the level of my relationship with Jane would determine my action.This along with social capital would establish Lorraine of risk, along with accepting Canes story as the undeniable truth. favorable capital Is a reflection of value Invested In a relationship. Tolerance. Com defines Social Capital as An economic idea that refers to the connections between individuals and entities that can be economically valuable. Social networks that include people who trust and assist each other can be a powerful asset. These relationships between individuals and firms can lead to a state in which each will think of the other when something needs to be done.Along with economic capital, social capital is a valuable mechanism In economic growth. Networking Guru Ivan Imines relationships are divided into 3 levels visibility, creditability, and profitability (PVC Process). In this model relationships are taken through a sequential process begin at visibility, establishment of creditability and development into profitability. Evidence of this type of relationship can be found with Dry Conrad Murray and Michael Jackson and Arthur Anderson and Enron.In both situations social capital along with caution of loss Influenced the Judgment of the reflections and lead to a willingness to bend rules and break laws. This economic idea coexists with the psychological concept of rule of reciprocity and its spiritual counterpart the florid rule. The rule of reciprocity refers to responding to a po sitive action with another positive action, in other words rewarding kindness with kindness. This is highly apply in advertising along with sales training course.In advertising and sales we are taught that If we can give an Individual something of value, they feel morally obligated to publication something of value. The golden rule as fined in Christian theology is do unto others as you would have them do unto you. This can also be found universally in theology around the world. In eastern philosophy the golden rule is known as karma. Egoism believes that human beings by nature are self-fish. In the case of Jane if I applied egoism it would be in my best interest to not break the law to assist the client. To come to this expiry I did a cost/ benefit analysis of the situation.The cost of forging the document Is potentially addition, if I am caught the client my still be punished. The benefit of forging the document is that an innocent person would not potentially receive the death penalty. In the philosophy of utilitarianism I would need to consider my moral arrangement to Jane. IT would be my duty to do everything legally within my power to keep her from being found guilty. In this instance I would need to find an alternative solution because forging and document and lying about it is illegal. If the client was a child, spouse, or parent I would feel different about forging the document.

A Good Leader Influence a Group of Individuals Essay

Assignment of a undecomposed leader influence a crowd of individuals to achieve a common goal and perform soundly, without having to agree over them Introduction Leadership is al slipway considering as an of the essence(p) managerial topic because a good leader does not only able to take aim demeanors from fol overthrows, but besides leads individuals within an physical composition to achieve their common objectives (Morrill, 2010).The commonly accepted definition of leadhiphip is contributed by David and Vince (2008, p2), who defined leaders as a person has abilities of leading a group of people, and too has abilities of supporting group of people to achieve common objectives. More specifically, Bass (1990) defines leadership as the energy to adapt the setting so everyone feels empowered to contribute creatively to solving the problems. The primary aim of this assignment is to critically talk over the topic of a good leader influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal and perform well, without having to watch over them. In rate to state this question well, the reference selects Steve Jobs as the leader, and then with reference to apple Inc to discuss why a good leader as Jobs influences group of individuals without watching them. As an essay base assignment, the author organizes this paper in three main parts, including introduction, main body and conclusion. In introduction section, the definition and importance of leadership argon briefly discussed on with primary aim of this assignment.In the second part, the author discusses principles of a good leader stages of leadership interrogation, employee motivation and organizational culture in detail to discuss why Jobs influenced group of individuals in Apple Inc without watch them. Finally, in conclusion section, the author summarizes findings of this paper and explains how the primary aim of this assignment has been fulfil take. Main Body later on reviewing wide range of le adership literatures, the author found that the debate on principles of a good leader is neer stopping.In legion(predicate) researches, such as Alexander and Buckingham (2011) and Weidemeyer (2004) commonly argue that a good leader does not only need strong leadership skills and competences, but also needs to manner morally and ethically. However, this argument has intensively been argued by many contemporary leadership researchers. For example, Ciulla (2004) argues that great leader is morality magnified. In addition, Jennings (2006) also argues that great men are always and al virtually bad men.In order to deliver the goods evidences to support these arguments, Jennings (2006) points out the seven signals of ethical collapse to describe mis expressions from leaders. In recent patrician side leadership researches, a mutual argument can be summarized as it is not necessary for a good leader to be a good person. For example, Conger (1990) argues that different leaders gain diff erent dark personalities in their leadership style. however many very great leaders cannot avoid these dark personalities because they are unconscious.Furthermore, Liu et al (2012) argue in contemporary environment, in order to achieve organizational objectives and egg on individuals, leaders need to behavior unethically and unmorally to ensure the benefits of their organizations. In order to support this argument, Liu et al (2012) use Sir Alex Ferguson and Hafner of Playboy as examples to explain in some extent why misbehaviors from leaders are acceptable. In summary, at that place is no doubt that leaders should be feature morally and ethically to provide positive guidance for society and pursual.But ethical motive and morality are not radical principles to measure a good leader. Instead, the strategies utilise by leaders to stir up individuals and to achieve organizational objectives are principles of a good leader (Shear et al, 2012). On the other hand, there are five sta ges of leadership appeales have commonly been discussed in leadership literatures, including trait approach, behavioral approach, situational/ mishap approach, creative approach, and post- magnetized& post-transformational approach of leadership (Parry and Bryman, 2006). Information of each stage is summarized in below table one.Table one stages of leadership theory and research (Parry and Bryman, 2006) Trait ApproachDominant until late 1940s assumes leaders born, not made Style (Behavioral) ApproachHeld sway until late 1960s- effects of leadership on those led Contingency/Situational ApproachPopular to 1980s-situational factors are focus for understanding leadership Creative Leadership ApproachSince 1980s, leader defines organizational reality through articulation of a vision Post-Charismatic or Post Transformational Emerged late 1990s, distributed leadership, cooperative community, ship and spiritualityAs table one illustrated, the research of leadership can be summarized in f ive leadership stages. In this paper, the author briefly introduces set-back three stages of leadership approaches, and then discusses creative leadership approach in detail because creative leadership is used as basis of this paper and will be applied with reference to Jobs and Apple Inc in later sections. Trait approach of leadership is considered as the first stage of leadership research and dominates in 1940s (Northouse, 2003). In this leadership approach, people believe characters of leaders are born from nature.So that they use corporeal traits, personal attributes, intelligence, values and self-confidence these factors to distinguish leaders and non-leaders (Bass, 1990). Style (behavioral) leadership approach is recognized as the second stage of leadership research, and it is emphasized on what a leader does rather than identifying who would be an effective leader (Bass, 1990). As table one demonstrated, the behavioral leadership approach was appeared in later 1960s. The mo st important progress from trait approach to behavioral approach is that behavioral approach attempts to answer the question of what leadership style is most effective.In order to answer this question, researchers such as Kurt Lewin assumes behaviors from leaders can be observed more objectively than traits and behaviors can be measured and taught (Lussier and Achua, 2010). Thirdly, situational and contingency leadership approach argues that leaders are not born from nature (Lussier and Achua, 2010). Situational and contingency approach points out that main reasons for people to be leaders are because they suitable with the on the job(p) situations (Oostrom et al, 2012). As a result, a person probably be a leader in one situation, but not be a leader in another.In situational and behavioral approach, Oostrom et al (2012) point out that personality, style and behavior of effective leader are dependent on the requirements of the situation. Thus, there is no one best way to lead. Trai ts and behaviors from leaders can all be effective in different situations. Similarly, the best leading style or behavior are determined by situational or contextual factors (Bass, 1990). There are many real life examples can be seen as evidences to prove the trueness of situational and contingency leadership approach.For example, Alex Ferguson and Jose Mourinho are all great football coaches, but they are not leaders in their player career. In addition, Lionel Messi performed as a god in the team of Barcelona, but also provides rubbish performances in Argentine National Football Team. Thus, these real life examples can fully luff that masteryes of leaders are dependent on situation and contingency. Creative leadership approach is emerged in 1980s, and has wide applications even in todays bank line environment.According to Bass (1990), there are three different approaches are contained by creative leadership approach, including transformational approach (Bass, 1985), Charismatic approach (Conger, 1989) and visionary leadership (Mintzberg, 1989). In addition, the biggest different between creative leadership and previous leadership researches is that in creative leadership approach, leaders focus on intellectually motivate employees, and then to earn performances from them beyond expectation (Chuang et al, 2011). However, previous leadership researches focus on an exchange between leaders and followers.Leaders provide rewards (e. g. extrinsic and intrinsic) to employees, and in return they contributed their compliancy and labors to leaders (Liu et al, 2012). In this paper, the author focuses on discussing transformational approach and charismatic approach, and with references to Jobs and Apple Inc to see why a good leader influences group of people without watch them. According to Bass (1985), transformational leadership approach focuses on inspiring and cause followers. It can be defined as leaders have abilities to inspire and motivate followers to achiev e goals greater than originally expected.In caseful of transformational approach, internal rewards are important to followers rather than external rewards (Bass, 1985). cosmopolitan speaking, it elbow room that followers or individuals within an organization treated intrinsic rewards more important than extrinsic rewards. In motivational theories, many scholars contributed different ways to distinguish needs and expectations from individuals of an organization. For example, Maslow (1987) points out the famous hierarchy of needs to describe different expectations from individuals at the defecateplace.The hierarchy of needs include physical needs (e. g. sex, food), hostage needs (e. g. working condition), love and belonging needs (e. g. family), esteem needs (e. g. respect), and needs of self-actualization. In addition, Maslow (1987) argues that needs from individuals are always changing. Once needs from lower layers of the hierarchy are satisfied, needs from individuals would be turned from higher level of the hierarchy. In addition, McGregor (1960) also contributes the theory x and theory y as basic theories to recognize nature of human being.In McGregors the human side of enterprise, the scholar (1960) argues that the nature of human being can be classified in two different categories, including theory x and y. In theory x, McGregor (1960) argues that people are naturally lazy and dislike work. Money is the only factor to motivate them at work, so that they need to closely be directed and supervised. In the opposite theory y, McGregor (1960) argues that work is a natural experience of human life. most of them are self-motivated and self-controlled, and focused on intrinsic rewards rather than extrinsic rewards.There are four factors commonly described as transformational factors of transformational approach, including idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and individualized consideration (Morrill, 2010). Idealized influ ence describes that leaders use admiration, respect, and trusts and put needs of others before personal interests to motivate employees. In addition, inspirational motivate means that leaders motivate and inspire others by providing meaning and challenge to them (Bass, 1990).Thirdly, intellectual stimulation refers to leaders encourage innovation and creativity at workplace, and motivate individuals and followers by approaching old things in new ways. Lastly, individualized consideration means leaders attend to individuals needs for growth and achievement, and create new learnedness opportunities, accept individual difference and avoid close monitoring (Bass, 1990). In case of Apple Inc, Jobs is a leader who uses transformational factors to motivate individuals within the organization.According to mayonnaise and Benson (2006), as a leader of Apple Inc, Jobs firstly trusts and respects individuals of the organization, especially to the group members. In addition, Mayo and Benson (20 06) also express in Apple Inc, Jobs never closely direct and supervise individuals. In order to encourage their creativity and provides excellent working condition, Jobs even not set any HR discussion section in Apple Inc. Thus, it does not only satisfy with the principles of idealized influence in transformational approach, but also satisfies with the principles of previous stated motivational theories.Steve Jobs uses respects and trusts to others as basis to motivate and influence group of people in Apple, and without watch them. In addition, Jobs also focuses on providing meaning and challenges to group of people in Apple to motivate and influence them. According to Jobs if you do something and it turns out pretty good, then you should go to do something else wonderful, not dwell on it for too long. Just discover out whats next. It is a famous Quotation from Steve Jobs. In this Quotation, it is easy to carry out that Jobs is a person who likes perfect.Steve Jobs does not dwell on the current successes. Instead, he focuses on providing meanings and challenges to himself and group of individuals in Apple, and motivates them to complete tasks beyond expectations. It is useful to achieve the common goal of Apple Inc which is described as to provide best technological products to customers around the word (Apple. com, 2013). Many individuals in Apple Inc are become as passionate to deal with highly challenging tasks that they have been done before.It does not only mean Steve Jobs has transformational factors to influence a group of people, but also understands how to use goal setting theory in motivating employees to achieve challengeable, but possible goals. Thus, there is once again orients that a good leader influences a group of individuals without watch them. On the other hand, Steve Jobs is also a charismatic leader in Apple Inc. According to Michaelis et al (2009), charismatic leadership is defined as a leadership based on leaders abilities to communic ate and behave in ways that reach followers on a basic, emotional way to inspire and motivate.General speaking, charismatic leadership refers to a process of establishing self-images and charms by leaders rather than using authority and external power to motivate and influence people (Tuytens and Devos, 2012). In case of Apple Inc, there is no doubt that Steve Jobs is a charismatic leader. Firstly, even though Steve Jobs was passed away in 2011, Apple Inc still uses Jobs quotations, pictures, and other stories to motivate individuals of the organization (Apple. com, 2013). Innovation, focused on detail and perfection and creativity are recognized as both important characters of charm from Jobs.Until today, these characters of charm are seen as important cultural characters in Apple Inc. According to Morrill (2010), organizational culture is defined as the values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. It bases on an organi zations experiences, philosophy, values and expectations. It expresses the self-image of an organization, the ways of individuals work in the organization, and how the organization interacts with external word and its expectations (Morrill, 2010).It is unique to any organization, and can be influenced by many factors. For example, the characters of leaders, working methods are all important factors to influence the cultural characters of an organization (Northouse, 2003). In case of Apple Inc, Steve Jobs is a charismatic leader and deeply injected his charms of focus on innovation, adventure and creativity in culture of Apple Inc. According to Apple. com (2013), the culture of Apple Inc is described that innovation and adventure, focused on group work and details.Thus, there is no doubt that as a charismatic leader, Steve Jobs puts charms in establishing the cultures of Apple Inc, and uses charismatic factors to influence group of individuals in Apple even he was passed away. Indiv iduals in Apple Inc are working with a common goal, which is to achieve the commitment of delivering great technological products to customers around the world (Apple. com, 2013). As a result, there is also no doubt that a good leader as Steve Jobs influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal and without watch them.Even he passed away the charms and personal characters of Steve Jobs are still driving individuals to work with the common goal of Apple Inc. Conclusion The primary purpose of this paper is to answer the question of a good leader influences group of people to achieve a common goal and perform well, without having to watch over them, the author selects Jobs as the leader and Apple Inc as the case company. In order to achieve the primary purpose, this paper firstly discusses the principles of good leaders as background.The findings of this section indicate that it is not necessary for a good leader to be a good person because there are conscious biases as well as unconscious favors of people. Therefore, it is impossible to avoid personalities from many leaders to against the ethical and moral issues. In the second part, the author introduces five stages of leadership researches as basis, and then discusses why Jobs is a transformational and charismatic leader in case of Apple Inc.In order to answer the essay question in comprehensive way, the author also introduces employee motivation and organizational culture synthesizes with leadership theories in the second part. Findings of this section indicate that a good leader understands how to use leadership skills as well as motivational skills to influence group of individuals to work with a common goal, and perform well. In addition, it is also not necessary for leaders to watch them because in this context, leader always used intrinsic motivation or injected charismatic characters in an organizations cultures to influence individuals of the organization.With reference to Jobs and Apple Inc , there is no doubt that Jobs influenced individuals of the company to develop and create new products in achieving the common goal of delivering best technological products to customers. In addition, Jobs also establishes a culture of management on details and perfection of their products from his personal characters. It is also influenced group of people from Apple Inc to deliver the best products to customers and is one of the principal reasons to Apple Incs success of today.

Humans And Animals Relationships Essay

Whether its social, business, or personal, tools play an extremely important role in the lives of humans. Humans have been using animals to depart since before 100 BC. Animals have been protectors, companions, benefactors, co-workers, and even best friends. Humans need animals in their lives to stay healthy mentally and even physically. Animals be used in everyday physical therapy to increase movement in the handicapped or elderly. Animals attend to with physical fitness which will boost their moods substantially. For example, elderly people that are in nursing homes have been able to work with animals as a type of therapy to improve and maintain their function and to increase their quality of life bandage in the nursing home. It is a proven fact that animals lower cholesterol, blood pressure, and keep their heart in check. Dogs notify detect the sudden drop in the level of blood glucose and alert the owner to eat or take their medication. Pets can not only help handicapped and the elderly, but children as well. Children who heighten up with pets have less risk of allergies and asthma many also learn responsibility, compassion, and empathy from having pets.Pets are natural mood enhancers. One of the reasons for these therapeutic effects is that approximately pets fulfill the basic human need to touch. Even hardened criminals in prison have shown long-term changes in their behavior after interacting with pets, many of them experiencing unwashed affection for the first time. Some state prisons will bring in clicks for the inmates to train, so they can learn to interact with others and to give them a purpose. While a person is with an animal their body actually goes through physical changes that make a difference in their mood. The hormone that is associated with stress is actually lowered, while the work of serotonin is being increased from the level it was previously at when the person wasnt around the animal. Sometimes, while working with a patient, a counselor aptitude use a dog in therapy. In doing so, it will raise their serotonin level and allowthe patient to be more comfortable.Therapists have recently started prescribing pets as a way of dealing with and recovering from depression and anxiety. The unconditional love that is given from a pet to a human when petting it or playing with it, actually elevates their moods to a state where they are no longer depressed or anxious. Stroking, holding, cuddling, or otherwise touching a loving animal can rapidly calm and soothes humans when theyre stressed. The companionship of a pet can also ease loneliness, and some pets are a cracking stimulus for healthy exercise, which can substantially boost mood. The more that people interact with animals the less likely they will isolate themselves pet lovers and pet owners can easily talk to each other about their pets without talking about uncomfortable subjects. Dogs help with people who are suffering PTSD.Dog can turn in a sense of se curity, calming effects, and physical exercise that can make a positive difference in the life of those that suffer with Post traumatic Stress Disorder. Like all assistance dogs, a psychiatric service dog is individually trained to do work or perform tasks that rationalise their handlers disability. The dog will be able to calm the owner and teach him/her not to be afraid. It will be able to cohere with its owner when he/she cannot bond with other humans.People with PTSD are afraid to be alone in public and the company of a dog will ease that fear. Animals have been used to assisted humans for as long as anyone can remember. They help psychologically with the world around them. They help with physical condition thats going on with their body. Humans can bond easily with an animal more so than another human being. Whether its from a problem they are born with or something that stumbled upon them, they can always rely on animals to ease their pain.Work CitedSiegel, J. (1990). Stress ful life events and use of doctor services among the elderly The moderating role of pet ownership. journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1081-1086.Friedmann, E., Katcher, A. H., Thomas, S. A., Lynch, J. J., & Messent, P. R.(1983). Social interaction and blood pressure Influence of animal companions. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 171, 461-465.Hunt, S. J., Hart, L.A., & Gomulkiewicz, R. (1992). The role of small animals in social interaction between strangers. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 245-256.Thelen, E. (2000). Grounded in the world Developmental origins of the embodied mind. Infancy, 1, 3-28.Thomson, R. (1968). The Pelican level of psychology. London Pelican.

Forecasting the manpower needs of Ya Kun Essay

Question-1 How would you forecast the custody needs of Ya Kun?There ar few ways by which we can forecast the men needs of Ya Kun Kaya. They are* Trend abbreviation* Ratio analysis* Scatter plot and* Computerized system ground on rationalise analysis, we can find new recruit by studying the variation of their departed employment levels which means that they can provide an initial estimate of succeeding(a) staffing needs, but employment levels rarely depend just on the passage of time. They looked their past exertion of sales, productivity and so on to estimate their employee also because if their performance goes beyond their expectation similar Ya kun that have many outlets throughout the world, they whitethorn required much employee either full time or part-time.Other foretelling regularity that we can use to forecast their manpower is ratio analysis. In this method, the forecasting would be based on the historical ratio between roughly causal factor (like sales volume) and the number of employee required such salespeople. In this case, Ya Kun need more employee because they need more salespeople to run the business in distributively of their outlets. The sales volume for Ya Kun also one of the factor that Ya Kun need to recruit employee. Compared to trend analysis, ratio analysis assumes that productivity remains about the same.Another method we can use is scatter plot to forecast their manpower. In this method, the personnel may use dickens related variables to indicate the relation between the two such as sales volume and number of employee. If these two factors are related, whence the points leave tend to fall along straight line then the personnel can forecast the need of new recruitment. Computerized forecasting also is one way that can be used to forecast their need of manpower. With programs like these, employers can more accurately estimate how many employee that they need to projected productivity and sales.Question-2 What are the ad vantages and disadvantages of Ya Kuns hiring part-time make believeers?Advantages of hiring part-time workers include* Flexibility in scheduling as they help to fill in the gaps when the full-time workers go on leave or are taken ill.* Part-timers will complement the full-time workers.* Allows Ya Kun to tap into a larger available pool of product line applicants as many more people may be willing and able to work part-time as opposed to full-time. * They may be deployed strategically during peak hours.Disadvantages include* They may be less pull to the company.* It may be more difficult to integrate them as they only work occasionally. * Having too many part-time workers may affect teamwork.Question-3 A good attitude and commitment are two important attributes that Ya Kun looks for in its craft applicants. Is a transmission line interview an effective method to assess these two attributes? What else can Ya Kun do to get tried and true information on these two attributes?A job interview may not be the most effective method to assess these two attributes as they are not directly observable during the interview process. In order to obtain reliable information on these two attributes, managers of Ya Kun may* Ask the job applicants for referrals in the application pack, and contact the referrals to obtain information regarding these two attributes.* Use critical incidence interviews to test if the job applicants have past examples of these attributes.* Provide job applicants with a realistic job preview by telling them about all the challenges and worst case scenarios that their staff faces. This allows the applicants to have a better image of the job and make a better-informed choice of whether to take up the job or not.* Use role-playing exercises where the applicants play the role of the staff, and the managers the customers, so that the managers may observe how the applicants may potentially react when they are actually working for Ya Kun.Question-4 What suggestions would you make to Ya Kun to improve its recruiting processes?Ya Kuns low turnover rate and large pool of hardworking committed workers indicates that its recruitment processes are working soundly. However, to improve their recruiting process, Ya Kuns managers may choose to * Use more internal referrals as employees know what kinds of applicants will fit well with the prevalent company culture. * Hire a larger ratio of part-timers to full-timers as this allows them greater flexibility in scheduling. * Convert part-timers to full-timers if they perform well and if they are blossom forth to the switch. * Maintain contact with those employees who have left the company so that they can be informed of any new positions in the company.Q1.Ya Kun can forecast the manpower needs by using ratio analysis to conduct a quantitative analysis of information in a companys monetary statements. Ratios are calculated from current year numbers and are then compared to previous years, oth er companies, the industry, or even the economy to judge the performance of the company. Based on the analysis, Ya Kun could increase their salesperson to run the business in their outlet. Ya Kun can even use trend analysis as an aspect of technical analysis that tries to predict the future movement of a stock based on past data.Trend analysis is based on the idea that what has happened in the past gives traders an idea of what will happen in the future. Based on trend analysis, Ya Kun can find new recruit by using their past experience by estimating the number of staffs needed in future. The organization could either recruit full- timers or part timers. YaKun also can use computerized system to predict the manpower needs for their organization. The employer could estimate the number of staffs needed to increase their sales.Q3.A job interview is not really an effective way to assess these attributes. It is because a job interview is only a process in which a potential employeeis ev aluated by an employer. During this process, the employer hopes to determine whether or not the applicant is suitable for the job by looking at their experience and academy level. If Ya Kun is looking for an employee with a good attitude and commitment they could use behavioral interview questions. Through this way the employer could pray questions related on what they did in past jobs or life situations that are relevant to the particular job and skills. The answers given by the applicant can be used to predict their future performance in similar situations.Ya Kun could also use situational interview questions. During the question and answer session the applicant will be ask to imagine a situation and respond base on it. Based on the answers given, the employer could predict the commitment level of the applicant. Ya Kun could use the two weeks tuition period to study more about the applicant because it is difficult to judge the attitude and commitment level during theinterview. U sually commitment level and attitude will be only revealed after acertain period of time.

Inflation in Bangladesh Essay

1. IntroductionInflation is a general annex in sets and fall in the purchase harbor of m unityy. Too much money in circulation poses the money to lose value-this is the true meaning of lump.What is Inflation.The stride at which the general aim of p sieves for goods and services is emerging, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Central banks attempt to stop severe ostentatiousness, along with severe deflation, in an attempt to hold back the excessive ontogenesis of prices to a minimum. (Investopedia) a. Kinds of InflationInflation means a keep up add-on in the general price take. However, this profit in the speak to of living can be caused by different factors. There atomic number 18 many types of rising prices but the principal(prenominal) twain types of swelling atomic number 18 1. Demand pull pompousness This occurs when the save grows quickly and starts to e actuallywhereheat Aggregate demand (AD) testament be increasing faster than aggregat e append (LRAS). 2. Cost promote largeness This occurs when in that location is a muster up in the price of raw materials, senior mellow school taxes, etc.1..Demand Pull InflationThis occurs when AD increases at a faster pasture than AS. Demand pull ostentation pass on typically occur when the saving is increase faster than the long run tr annihilate rate of suppuration. If demand exceeds provide, firms depart respond by pushing up prices. Simple diagram suggesting demand-pull ostentatiousnessThe UK experienced demand pull rising prices during the Lawson boom of the late 1980s. Fuelled by raise house prices, high postulater confidence and tax cuts, the delivery was growing by 5% a yr, but this caused supply bottlenecks and firms responded by increasing prices.This graph shows rising prices and frugal appendage in the UK during the 1980s. amply product in 1987, 1988 of 4-5% caused an increase in the inflation rate. It was only when the thriftiness went int o recession in 1990 and 1991 that we saw a fall in the inflation rate. 2..Cost Push InflationThis occurs when on that point is an increase in the approach of achievement for firms causing aggregate supply to shift to the left. Cost push inflation could be caused by rising energy and commodity prices. Simple Diagram showing cost push inflation.3. Wage Push InflationRising wages t wipeout to cause inflation. In encumbrance this is a combination of demand pull and cost push inflation. Rising wages increase cost for firms and so these be passed onto consumers in the form of high prices. Also rising wages give consumers greater disposable income and therefore cause increase consumption and AD. In the 1970s, trades unions were powerful in the UK. This helped cause rising nominal wages this was a significant factor in causing inflation. 4. Imported Inflation.Depreciation in the alternate rate will make significances more expensive. Therefore, the prices will increase solely due to this tack rate mental picture. A depreciation will in like manner make exports more competitive so will increase demand.5. Temporary Factors.The inflation rate can also increase due to temporary factors much(prenominal) as increasing indirect taxes. If you increase ad valorem tax rate from 17.5% to 20%, all goods which are VAT applicable will be 2.5% more expensive. However, this price cabbage will only last a year. It is non a indissoluble effect.6. Core InflationOne measure of inflation is kn give as core inflation.This is the inflation rate that excludes temporary volatile factors, such as energy and sustenance prices. The graph be miserable shows inflation in the EU. The head root inflation rate (HICP) is more volatile rising to 4% in 2008, and then falling to -0.5% in 2009. However, the core inflation (HCIP energy, aliment, alcoholand tobacco) is more constant.b. People who are being alter by inflationMacro Economic force out in BangladeshThe inflationary situatio nin Bangladesh is on the rising trend, especially since August 2009, primarily owing to the soaring increase in nutrition prices. The food price hike has accelerated the general inflation rate in the country. If the food price take aim jump outs at an existing rate of 1.31 perpenny per month and if equal anti inflationary measures are non taken, the everywhereall general inflation might touch a double digit figure. allude on women and childrenIn Bangladesh, of bestow 143.91 million population, 69.81 million are women, reflecting 48.5 per cent of totalpopulation. About 86 per cent of women in Bangladesh live in hobnailed areas. Between 2005 and 2006, total egg-producing(prenominal)labour rend computes for 12.1 million, of them 2.8 million live in the urban area while 9.3 million in the rural area.In rural areas, they take part in frugal activities and ready income through cattle rearing, gardening, poultry etc.About 80 per cent of thespians in total labour force are wom en in the RMG arena. They work at a low rate of wagewhile 26 per cent of feminine workers earn less(prenominal) thanTk3000 only. Only 3.7 per cent of female workers earn morethanTk 5,000. With the low income and rising price of essentials, it has set out real difficult for these women to impart their families with the basic compulsions.1. Increasing prices of foods reduces the legitimate income of households thereby proportionalityning spending on childrens schooling. This as a consequence is likely to reduce the literacy rate among girls in near future. The evidences rede that in Bangladesh, it is the female children who are firstly taken out of schools if the family is in financial setback. 2. As education, skills and intimacy influence womens status in the society and at home, they loose their bargaining power thereby their ability to take part in the decision making subroutine shrink razetually. 3. There is a greater disparity in nutrition intake among men and women. Men consume more nutrients than women. The female members in households especially in rural areas take their meals after their male members and children. Studies suggest that it is oneof the main reasons of early childhood malnutrition.4. Moreover there are many other factors that can be attributed to the enate nutritional factors, for example, low birth weight of infants, infant mortality etc. 5. In new geezerhood the recrudesce in the price of tyke foods has made it difficult for households to provide theirchildren with required nutrition. This is evident even among the middle income groups. According to a political relation report, the prices of baby food and powdered milk pay move by 30 to 38 per cent over theyear 2006 and 2007. The inability of families to provide proper nutrition for the children whitethorn result in undernourishment of children which contributes to increasing child mortality.6. In Bangladesh, women are subject to violence in the society. Due to bone in the price of food and other essentials, as income of the family falls, tension rises within households and the women are oftentimes subject to violence by the male members of the family. 7. It is a common phenomenon that women take the role to provide food and nourishment to the members of family by arranging and preparing food. As a result, they befuddle to bear the perfume of rise in the price of food.Inflation erodes income of the unforesightfulOne obvious consequence of inflation is the wear away of real income of the spate resulting from the general increasein prices. The burden of income loss, however, differs across different income groups. No doubt, the householdgroups who are employed in the ball sector and whose salaries/wages are fixed in nominal terms and are re-fixedperiodically are the trounce sufferers. The same is true for those employees in the informal sector who hold back incomefixed in nominal terms. In Bangladesh, a major(ip) concern, however, is the inflation-induced loss of real income ofthe poor.Food Inflation Raises indigence and InequalityFood inflation has a profound nexus with poverty and inequality. Food inflation hits the poor hardest since their purchasing power decreases due to the erosion in real income. From the economics system, when the real wage decreases demand for labor increases. Therefore, the role should risesince there is a tradeoffbetween inflation and un job. The result depends on whether the employment effect of inflation outweighs the real wage effect on poverty. nevertheless theBangladesh empirical data indicates that the real wage effect on poverty outweighs the employment effect of inflation There exists a positive relationship between food inflation and poverty. . meet on saving & InvestmentExcess inflation has its negative tinct on savings and investment. trespass on savings has its direct reflection in the area of investment. Investment, roughly(prenominal) domestic and foreign, is ess ential for Bangladesh and it is primal for growth and economic phylogenesis. impress on invertorsAn reproachful and unpredictable movement of inflation often creates wishing of confidence among the investors. Many potential investments stage bleak prospect and avoid the game of facing hazard and uncertainty.Affect on bank& other financial intermediaryInflation has its implications for the banking sector as well. twain for the banks and their customers inflation causes a reshuffle in the function of activities. swans of post offered by the banks seem less attractive to the depositors. swan alter has also a great role in the economy. In young years there is an increasing trend of providing consumer credit by the banks. It will add to the demand side. But if itscontribution to the supplyside remains weakly there will be alack of balance and the bankingindustry will face challenge. Other saving modify channels also face the same consequences from supply side to handle the ir investment demand.Affect on money supplyThe challenge of substitution bank is to balance between growth and inflation. superior inflation always put central bank under impel to take contractionary fiscal insurance that might reduce growth.Mainly the peck of middle class and poor are greatly un rude(a) by the high inflation rate. A underdeveloped country like Bangladesh defecate higher inflation rate. It creates poor more poor and higher class of the society more higher.2. Causes of InflationIn developing countries, in contrast, inflation is not a purely mo force outary phenomenon, but is often linked with fiscal imbalances and deficiencies in sound intrinsic economic policies. Beside, factors typically related to fiscal imbalances such as higher money growth and exchange rate depreciation arising from a balance of payments crisis dominate the inflation process in developing countries. There were different schools of thought as to the causes of inflation.A. Quality theori es of inflationThe quality theory of inflation rests on the expectation of a seller accepting currency to be able to exchange that currency at a later time for goods that are desirable as a buyer. The amount theory of inflation rests on the quantity equation of money that relates the money supply, its velocity, and the nominal value of exchanges. transport Smith and David Hume proposed a quantity theory of inflation for money, and a quality theory of inflation for production After analyzing two theories of causes we digest got here some physical cause to face which cover some(prenominal) theories depending on a number of factors. These are given below-B. Excess of moneyInflation can proceed when governments print an excess of money to deal with a crisis. As result, prices end up rising at an extremely high speed to keep up with the currency surplus. This is called the demand-pull, in which prices are forced upward because of a high demand. C. Rise in production costAnother co mmon cause of inflation is a rise in production costs, which leads to an increase in the price of the final product. For example, if rawmaterials increase in price, this leads to the cost of production increasing, which in turn leads to the company increasing prices to maintain steady remuneration? Rising labor costs can also lead to inflation. As workers demand wage increases, companies normally chose to pass on those costs to their customers. D. multinational lending & national debtInflation can also be caused by international lending and national debts. As nations borrow money, they have to deal with interests, which in the end cause prices to rise as a way of keeping up with their debts. A deep leave out of the exchange rate can also result in inflationas governments will have to deal with differences in the import/export level. E. organization taxesFinally, inflation can be caused by national taxes put on consumer products such as cigarettes or fuel. As the taxes rise, sup pliers often pass on the burden to the consumer the catch, however, is that once prices have increased, they rarely go back, even if the taxes are later reduced.F. WarWars are often causing for inflation, as governments must both recoup the money spent and repay the money borrowed from the central bank. War often affects everything from international trading to labor costs to product demand, so in the end it always produces a rising prices.3. Measures of Inflation ControlThere are three measures to control the inflation.They are General constitution of The Government orient Action Measures of The GovernmentOther Measures1. General Policy of the GovernmentGovernment follows three general policies to control the inflation such as Fiscal Policy fiscal PolicyPolicy of Price jacketa. Fiscal PolicyIf the government charges more tax on the goods then the particular products price will also be high. We will face price inflation.To Summarized issues relating to Deficit BudgetFinanced b y foreign assistance is dependence and uncertain,Financing by public, not inflationary,Borrowing from commercial banks not inflationary.Borrowing from Bangladesh Bank is inflationaryCharacteristics of Fiscal System in Bangladesh move/Tax/gross domestic product ratio,Tax base is narrow,Dominance of indirect tax,Customs + VAT (import) 50% of total taxVulnerable to external fluctuationsGrowth in Non-development expenditureHeavy dependence on orthogonal AidDependence on Deficit FinancingNo Far-sightednessb. Monetary PolicyMonetary form _or_ system of government is the main macro-economic policy formulated and implemented by the central bank. Bangladesh Bank has the authority to increase or decrease the volume of money in the economy and therefore, is responsible for formulating and implementing the monetary policy for the country. The wheel of development moves by taking forces from this policy. The aim of monetary policy is to keep inflation low and steady. Though, in a developing c ountry like Bangladesh, the effectiveness of monetary policies is always uncertain, but effectiveness of these policies is treated as signal for policy makers.The Central Bank is the highest authority employed by the government for formulation of monetary policy to guide the economy in a certain country. Monetary policy is defined as the regulation of the money supply and interest evaluate by a central bank. Monetary policy also refers to how the central bank uses interest rates and the money supply to guide economic growth by controlling inflation and stabilizing currency. Like any other central bank, Bangladesh Bank is perform the role to formulate monetary policy in Bangladesh. The main objectives of monetary policy ofBangladesh Bank are Price constancy both internal & external Sustainable growth & development gritty employment Economic and efficient use of resources Stability of financial & payment systemSteps of the Monetary PolicyRestriction of broad money growth pathAdjus tment in cash reserve ratio (CRR)Statutory liquid state requirements (SLR)Restriction in the capital write upsObjectives of the Monetary PolicyThe promotion of price stabilityGDP GrowthEnsuring full or near full employmentSupporting national and orbiculate economic and financial stabilityC. Policy of Price CeilingPrice ceiling is a government policy whereby the government sets the maximum price of a product above which price is not allowed to rise further. Normally in a inflationary situation when prices will constantly be going high and high and tending to be going beyond the means of common people. Then government will implement price ceiling policy in order to protect the interest of the customers.Price Ceiling ControlGovernment must have to be ready to supply the required quantity of goods from its give production land and distribute product at its early declared price as per the requirement if any. Government will have to be ready to import the required quantity of goods un der its own mechanism and distribute the product in the market accordingly. Government can ask the surreptitious entrepreneurs to import the required quantity of goods under their own management by offering them some attractive advantage packages such as decrease rate of interest, level import cost, decrease tariff, non-stop support. Government can commend the countrymen to set up import substituteindustry with some attractive incentive schemes and can have the supply of required products for a long time basis. Government can supply the required quantity of goods from buffer stock created earlier by the government and sell the product in the market accordingly.2. Direct Action Measure It is an extreme measure. If the money supply increases, then to reduce inflation, Government can part with the money.3. Other Measure*Moral persuation Convincing the consumer by the national leaders morally. They convince the public to consume less. *Government can urge the country man to restric t the consumerism. *Government can urge the contrast people to set the product at a reasonable price and restrict to sell at a high price.Limitation In case of elastic demand such as baby food, that is not controlled by the consumer.4. effect of InflationAll people will not be affected by inflation in the same way. Some will welcome it. Some people becomes repeal and some acts indifferent. For the business people it will motive the entrepreneure and it is a good news for the producers. People who earn much, inflation is not a problem but who earn poor , they will be very much affected and their product consuming amount will be decreasing.General EffectAn increase in the general level of prices implies a decrease in the purchasing power of the currency. That is, when the general level of prices rises, each monetary unit buys fewer goods and services. Increases in the price level (inflation) erode the real value of money (the functional currency) and other items with an underlying monetary nature (e.g. imparts and bonds). For example if one takes a loan where the stated interest rate is 6% and the inflation rate is at 3%, the real interest rate that one are paying for the loan is 3%. It would also hold true that if one had a loan at a fixed interest rate of 6% and the inflation rate jumped to 20%one would have a real interest rate of -14%.Negative EffectHigh or unpredictable inflation rates are regarded as harmful to an overall economy. They add inefficiencies in the market, and make it difficult for companies to budget or plan long-term. Inflation can act as a drag on productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services in order to focus on profit and losses from currency inflation. Uncertainty about the future purchasing power of money discourages investment and saving and inflation can impose hidden tax increases. In case of international trade, higher inflation in one economy than another will cause the first economys e xports to become more expensive and affect the balance of trade.Positive EffectPositive effects include ensuring central banks can adjust nominal interest rates (intended to excuse recessions), and encouraging investment in non-monetary capital projects. It puts impact on Labor-market adjustments, Room to maneuver, Mundell-Tobin effect, Instability with Deflation etc.5. spherical Scenario of InflationAs an important worldwide phenomenon, planetary inflation varies by and large, owing to the trend components of inflation as well as due the fluctuations arising in the frequencies of the commercial cycles. In 2013, the rate of globose inflation is surprisingly low. Global economic prospects have reformd, but the bumpy recovery and skewed macroeconomic policy rumple in advanced economies are complicating policymaking in emerging market economies. Inflation was remarkably stable in the wake of the Great Recession and, in fact, has become less responsive to cyclical conditions. Tod ays fast-growing, dynamic low-income countries are likely to maintain their momentum and avoid the reversals that afflicted many such countries in the past.Inflation expectations have remained strongly anchored to inflation targets during the Great Recession and the sluggish recovery. Long-term inflation expectations in advanced economies remain close to targets despite wide variation in actual inflation rates. plain in Japan, expectations remain close to the1 pct target announced in February 2012 despite a prolonged period of deflation. Furthermore, coincident with greater central bank credibility, this anchoring is found to have increased over time. In the figure bellow the inflation rate of emerging, developed and BRIC countries are graphically shownIn 2013, we have seen that, South Sudan has the lowest inflation rate and Syria has the highest. In South Sudan, menses inflation rate is -2.90 which was -8.80 in the previous year. The highest and the lowest inflation rates in the memoir of this country were 79.90 and -14.00 respectively. On the other hand, in Syria incumbent inflation rate is 49.50 which was 49.90 in the previous year. The highest and the lowest inflation rates in the chronicle of this country were 79.90 and -11.95 respectively.6. Inflation in BangladeshThe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Bangladesh expanded 6.01 portion in the fiscal year 2012/2013 from the previous year. GDP Growth Rate in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh Bank. From 1994 until 2013, Bangladesh GDP Growth Rate fair(a)d 5.6 Percent reaching an all-time high of 6.7 Percent in June of 2011 and a videotape low of 4.1 Percent in June of 1994. Bangladesh is considered as a developing economy. Yet, almost one-third of Bangladeshs 150m people live in extreme poverty. In the last decade, the country has recorded GDP growth rates above 5 percent due to development of microcredit and garment industry.Although three fifths of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, three quarters of exports revenues come from producing ready-made garments. The biggest obstacles to sustainable development in Bangladesh are overpopulation, poor infrastructure, corruption, political instability and a dense implementation of economic reforms. This page provides Bangladesh GDP Growth Rate actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 2014-04-05Historical Trend AnalysisThe government introduced policy and institutional reforms encompassing the fiscal, financial, exchange rate, trade and industry, public resourcemanagement and public enterprise sectors. But some of those measures were not strongly pursued and some of the intended structural reforms were postponed. Monetary control in the initial years had appositive impact on the control of inflation. The regarded decision are taken below-To increase investible funds with the banks, the minimum cash reserve requirement and statutory liquidity requirement were red uced gradually from 8 and 23 per cent respectively on 25 April 1991 to 5 and 20 per cent respectively. This decision has reduced the inflation rate. In 1991 the lending rate was 14.99 which was high during 1992 but then it started tobe reduced at 14.39 (1993) and 12.22 at 1995. With the flexible use of the monetary instruments, broad money growth (Money Supply) was brought down from high rates of growth (14.1 percent) in the mid-1992to 10.6 per cent in June 1993 to reduce the rate of inflation. In the year 1995 government was thinking to increase the money supply which was brought to 16 percent for that reason inflation rate increased In the year 1995 government was thinking to increase the total domestic credit which was brought to 17.6 percent from 4.9 percent (1994). For this reason the inflation rate increased.In the year 1995 government modifyd Credit to the esoteric sectors in fiscal year1995 by lessen lending rates including those in the three selected sectors of agricultu re, exports, and small and cottage Industries had to be restrained due to the rise in price levels. For this reason inflation rate has increased With a view to ensuring an adequate flow of finance to productive sectors and to boosting economic activity, Bank ratewas gradually lowered from 9.8 per cent on30 June 1990 to 5.5 per cent on 3 March 1994 to control the inflation rate. On 24 March 1994 Bangladesh accepted the Article VIII obligations of the International Monetary Fund, a commitment to declare its currency convertible for current account transactions and liberalize exchange transactions on current account. Foreign exchange controls, which had constrained transactions for a longtime, were lift for the majority of current account transactions. An interbank foreign exchange market has been established. The exchange rate policy is being managed flexibly so as to avoid appreciation of the real exchange rate and to maintain macroeconomic stability.Moderate economic growth and sc urvy change in the wage mightiness contributed to the relatively lowrate of inflation (i.e., lower than 5 per cent) in 1990-1994. Higher money supply growth and lower deposit rate in FY95 contributed to the comparatively higher inflation rates in 1995. In 1996 the lending rate was 13.41 which were accelerated to 14.16 in 1999. Supply shortages in the rural areas originating from political instability in FY96 and falling out due to floods in 1998 caused serious shortfall of food and also hampered all other agricultural production, which last caused higher inflation rates in1996, 1998 & 1999. A lower growth rate, because of lower production and relatively higher depreciation of the exchange rate due to food imports, also contributed to the higher inflation rate in the flood affected years. Larger depreciation of the exchange rate has accelerated the inflation rate 2.79(2002) to 4.38 (2004). commutation rate might have played a significant role in causing inflation in 2005-2006 bec ause of the introduction of flexible exchange rate regime since May 2003.A higher growth of money supply (13.84 at 2004 to 19.51 at 2006) added a lot to inflation in 2005-2006 In 2001 the lending rate was 13.75 which were lowered to 10.93 in 2005. In 2001-2006 high inflation in food (more than 5 percent) sector at international market was so much responsible for the fluctuation of inflation. Typically import occupies a significant place in the Bangladesh economy, accounting for as high as above 20 percent or more of GDP in FY06. At the margin, most of the essential food items (for example, sugar, rice, wheat, onion and pareve anoint) and, more generally, machineries, intermediate goods and raw materials used in production are imported. Cost of imports can, therefore, be evaluate to have substantial influence on domestic inflation (during 2001-2006) directly (through final goods) or indirectly (through intermediate goods). Unfair cartel among the suppliers might seriously hamper t he course of the economy by engendering inflation via the creation of a false supply shortage even during a period of robust growth in production. Such an undesirable event allegedly occurred in FY06 when the food inflation remained high (7.76 percent) in the same fiscal year despite the growth in food production (4.49 percent8 vis--vis 2.21percent in FY05).monopolistic control of several food items such as sugar, onion, pulses and edible oil by market syndication seems to have led this situation.9Obviously such manipulation is a type of supply side disturbance. Inflation has emerged as a orbiculate phenomenon in recent months largely reflecting theimpact of higher food (The IMF food price index was 44.4 percent at June 2008)and fuel prices and strong demand conditions especially in the emerging economies. In line with worldwide trends, Bangladesh also experienced rising inflation with the 12-month average consumer price index inflation touching 9.94 percent in June 2008. In the fiscal year 2009, spherical oil price has shifted upward dramatically so fast.So that the price of fuel & power has driven very sharp impact on our economy by increasing the price of Industrial product and reduces the output of industry. Though our government has taken unavoidable initiatives to minimize the inflation rate but they have failed up to the expectation. In the fiscal year 2010, global food price has shifted upward dramatically so fast. So that the price of food has driven very sharp impact on our economy. Though the inflation has decreased to a reasonable rate (5.4 percent), the price of food is beyond to the normal people. Because of the insufficiency of credit to productive sectors it is unable to invest money in productive sectors whereas the money are using in less productive sectors which causes a high rate of inflation.The inflation rate in Bangladesh was recorded at 7.44 percent in February of 2014. Inflation Rate in Bangladesh is reported by the Bangladesh ch est of drawers of Statistics. The general point-to-point inflation rate slightly rose to 7.48 percent in March from 7.44 percent in February 2014 compared to 7.71 percent in March 2013.Inflation Rate in Bangladesh averaged 6.63 Percent from 1994 until 2014, reaching an all-time high of 12.71 Percent in December of 1998 and a record low of -0.02 Percent in December of 1996. In Bangladesh, the inflation rate measures a broad rise or fall in prices that consumers pay for a standard basket of goods. This page provides Bangladesh Inflation Rate actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.According to Asian Development Bank growth moderated last year, inflation declined, and the current account returned a larger surplus. This year, growth will slip again, reflecting slower expansion in exports, falling worker remittances, and political unrest before parliamentary elections. Higher inflation and a modest current account deficit are expected. Th e garment industry faces challenges in adopting tough compliance and safety standards. Growth should improve in the adjacent year, but a major boost will come only with ramped up investment in infrastructure. Economic performanceAs officially estimated, gross domestic product (GDP) in Fiscal Year 2013 (ended 30 June 2013) grew by 6.0%, less than the 6.2% recorded in FY2012. Agriculture growth slipped to 2.2% from 3.1% in FY2012 as crop output was held down by higher input costs, lower output prices, and unfavorable weather. Services growth slowed to 5.7% from the previous years 6.0% owing to stagnant imports and condescend hartals (political demonstrations) that disrupted supply chains and affected retail and wholesale trade. Industry growth rose slightly to 9.0% from 8.9% in FY2012, with contributions from complex body part and small-scale manufacturing.Economic prospectsThe forecasts for FY2014 and FY2015 rest on several assurances Political stability will be restored followin g the January 2014 national elections, improving consumer and investor confidence. The central bank will be watchful, in line with the January 2014 monetary policy statement, to keep inflation in check while helping direct steady credit flows to the private sector. Electricity and fuel prices will be raised to lower subsidy costs. It will be attainable to mobilize more foreign financing, thus limiting government bank borrowing. Food grain and oil prices will remain stable on the international market. And the weather is normal. GDP growth is expected to slow to 5.6% in FY2014, owing to a decline in remittances (which have been equivalent to about 15% of private consumption spending) and as export growth tapers off in the coming months.Domestic demand was get down in the first half of the year because the prolonged political unrest ahead of parliamentary elections in January 2014 dented consumer and investor confidence. This is reflected in lower private credit growth, a decline in imports of consumer goods and capital machinery, and modest growth in imports of raw materials. Growth is expected to rebound to 6.2% in FY2015, aided by higher remittance and export growth, as well as by prospects for continued economic recovery in the US and the euro area. A likely rise in consumer and investor confidence as the political situation stabilizes is also expected to stimulate demand and strengthen growth momentum. Source ADB. 2014. Asian Development Outlook 2014. Manila.Effects of Inflation in Bangladeshi EconomyInflation, which some economists have dubbed as the cruelest tax of all, is eroding purchasing power of consumers, especially the fixed and low income groups of people in net commodity importation countries, around the world. Following the persistent high-inflation regimes in the late 1970s and early1980s (largely due to two oil shocks), inflation rates have varied an average of two to three percent in the industrialized countries and fell to single-digit lev els in many developing countries since the 1990s.1 It is widely viewed that globalization has had a positive impact on prices for over one and a half decade by heightening competition both on the demand and supply side. However, the specter of inflation has once again become a major concern for central bankers and policy makers around the world, as many countries have been experiencing high inflation largely owing to a notable increase in commodity prices. The prices of cereals, petroleum products, edible oil, and metals are skyrocketing in the international markets in recent years. Consequently, the commodity price indices have shown an upward trend latelyA widely discussed plausible cause of high inflation in Bangladesh is the impact of global price hike. As a food and petroleum importing country, Bangladesh has to bear the brunt of global price hike of these items. Since the beginning of the current decade and up to 2008 global prices of fuel and food followed an increasing trend which got transmitted into the countrys domestic economy. There has been some respite from high inflationary pressure towards the end of 2008 and 2009 due to the global meltdown and the resultant price fall of major commodities in the global market. With the turn round of the global Economy from the recession towards the end of 2009 and beginning of 2010, inflation started to shoot up. This trend was also observed in Bangladesh. The major source of high inflation in Bangladesh is high food inflation.The reason behind this assumption is that food carries a large weight in the CPI of Bangladesh. The weight of food items in the CPI commodity basket of Bangladesh is as high as 58.8 per cent of which the share of rice is 20.1 per cent. Hence the rise in food inflation affects the overall inflation significantly. Based on BBS data, it has been estimated that the contribution of rice inflation to the overall inflation was 23.41 per cent in FY 2011-12. Inflation appears to have emerged as a permanent phenomenon in the economic landscape of Bangladesh over the recent past. It has started to increase since the second quarter of FY2009-10 and continued to rise throughout FY2009-10 and FY2010-11. During the first three months of FY2011-12 there has not been any change in the direction ofinflationary movements. The 12-month point to point consumer price index (CPI) inflation has reached as high as 11.97 percent in phratry 2011 compared to 7.61 per cent in September 2010. This is the highest inflation in last one decade. As in most years, food inflation was higher than general inflation. Food inflation reached to 13.75 per cent in September 2011 as opposed to 9.72 per cent in September 2010.High food inflation had a relegate on effect on non-food inflation as well, pushing it upward to settle at 8.77 percent in September 2011 from as low as 3.69 per cent in September 2010. In Bangladesh the average inflation (general) in FY 2000 was 1.94% while it is found 9.76% in FY 20 11. But during these years changes in inflation did not follow any monotonic pattern. Bangladesh faces a tougher challenge in bringing down burgeoning inflation. The latest Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) data shows that inflation had increased to 11.97 % (on point-to-point or monthly count) in September, the highest in 10 years. Food inflation, which was 12.7 per cent in August, had increased to 13.90 % in September while food inflation in urban areas had increased to 14.69 % in the same month from 12.94 % in August. The data on inflation reveal that inflation in Bangladesh is influenced by food and fuel prices.Higher food and fuel prices obviously affect inflation rate. The recent declining trend in food and non-food inflation may be explained by the decline in global commodity prices like petroleum, rice, pulses, onion, edible oil and other food items and higher domestic production of food due to favorable weather condition and some effective measures taken by the Governmen t which include conducting open market operation, exemption of duties on essential commodities, sufficient import of food grains, strengthening of internal procurement and its supply, expansion of subsidies on fuel and fertilizer and widening of social safety net architectural plan etc. Another feature of recent inflation in Bangladesh is that rural food inflation has been appressed to urban food inflation which was not the case in Bangladesh till August 2010.The likely causes for high rural inflation could be increasing demand due to higher purchasing power of the rural population through rising agricultural production, higher labor wages, expanded social safety net program and inflow of remittances. If compared with other South Asian countries Bangladesh stands second, next to Pakistan, in terms of the record of inflation rate in the region. Despite higher food price in the internationalmarket, India has been able to keep its food price index down through higher production of ma jor crops and by ensuring adequate supply in the domestic market. Pakistan epitomizes the case of a conflict economy with a high inflation rate and a very low growth rate.Higher food prices exert an upward pressure on inflation particularly in South Asian countries where such prices account for a major proportion of the inflation basket. High inflation is a major challenge in South Asia, where inflation has been in double digits in recent years and was 10.9 per cent in 2010. Some deceleration in inflation to 8.4 per cent is estimated in 2011. As inflation affects the poor disproportionately, it is a major cause of concern. High budget deficits in general are causing inflation.A few factors are believed to have contributed to the on-going inflationary pressures in Bangladesh. The price hike of fuel and non-fuel commodities in the international markets is widely blamed for the current inflation. The depreciation in the countrys currency unit, the BDT against its major trading partner s, the expansion of M3 and credit have also played a part in raising prices. Bangladesh faced two major natural disasters (summer floods and cyclone Sidr) in 2007 which damaged standing crops, among others, and escalated food prices. The current caretaker governments drives against corruption have exacerbated the problem. Last but not least, Bangladesh is not self-sufficient in terms of food production and the country has had a long history of food problems, if not crises. Moreover, in recent years, growth in the agriculture sector has been sluggish.Current indications show that commodity prices in the international market are likely to rise during the coming months of FY12. With greater global economic integration, inflation in Bangladesh is more open now than before to external pressures coming from alfresco the country. The reasons lie in many factors including high import dependence, increased global pressure of excess demand, weak productivity growth in the domestic economy, a nd persistence of significant structural and institutional rigidities. The last inflation episode that Bangladesh faced was not policy induced, but was fueled more by domestic supply shocks and global price hikes.But the current buildup of inflationary pressure can partly be attributed to the liquidity expansionthat took place in the first half of FY12. With rapid buildup of net foreign assets (NFA) and in the absence seizure of sterilization, liquidity expansion has created some pressure particularly in asset markets (stock and real estate markets) and in non-food prices. These issues need more explicit consideration in Bangladesh Banks monetary policy reaction along with clear signals for the future.Conclusion2013 is over but the pains and consequences of inflation are not over yet for the millions of people of Bangladesh. 2013 is a year of political disasters, with record level political violence and frequent abuses of human rights in Bangladesh. At the same time inflation has ad ded as another disaster in the lives of millions of people. High inflation is never good for the economy, let alone the millions of working people of the country. 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