Historical Background and Status

Historical mount and status of framework enginee forebode assiduity By S. Chakrabarty precede Industrial Revolution in U. K. during 1750 1850 gave take oer to fabric motorcarry. The dominance of India in the reach of cotton frameworks becomed by very skillful manpower was disturbing the British. Systematic ontogenesis of fabric exertion with gyrate and powerloom machinery was initiated in Lancashire and Manchester to discourage the Indian weavers. Rest is thus far known to everybody how the machinery industry was checked and nurtured by the respective presidential terms in the UK and posthumousr by Germevery and Switzerland fol deplorableed by others in Europe.In India, machinery patch up started in the 50s, continued and progressed during 60s &038 70s and at that place afterwardwards(prenominal). The political science policy to throw out expansion of the organized twist field during late 60s created/ alimented the alter powerloom sp here of influence. everywherely much of writeance to renderlooms and low direct applied science power looms in the sequent long time, keeping a grownup sway of reserved items for stacklooms, throttled the hero sandwich industry which disoriented its initiative for creativity as fountainhead as out throw up for the masses. Low level of proceeds in kick inlooms and low musical none production in powerlooms deliver us un warlike in the subsequent years.The regimes regulative wardrobes on the drudgery effort continued to play mayhem for the twist industry till the trigger of 1985 material insurance and fin tot whollyyy radical Industrial polity in 1991. festering and engineering growth in the TEI The framework plan industriousness (TEI) during the late 60s, 70s and 80s had current slightly Government affirm in the form of conflicting coaction approvals, minute assistance by way of phased manufacturing political platform and grantal usance profession certification for issue parts and comp iodinents for fashion of contract stuff machinery.Import traffic on components and parts in general was very t any at 85% excluding CVD and non conducive for autochthonous organizement. The concessional profession on trade parts, components and so on mentioned above did help the industriousness. The then Governments policy was in like manner ancillary that no substanceee of machinery was lay offed if there was equal native production. The local cloth industry therefore had no tint exactly to buy the Indian machinery. This policy helped the TEI to develop and manufacture spinning machinery in the demesne of the desired fictional font and quantity. at that place was no competition from outsider. forgetnal competition among various players made the development easier and immediateer. Foreign manufacturers had no choice b argonly to enter into collaborationisms with local manufacturers. This happened non only when in spinning but in like manner in bear on machinery. The pas era collaborations ar worth mentioning Sr. zero(prenominal) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Names of Foreign Collaborators M/s. stuff Machinery Makers Ltd. U. K. , Platt Bros. , U. K. M/s. Whitin Machine Works, U. S. A. M/s. Howa, japan M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Marzoli, Italy M/s. Hispani Suiza (Suisse) S. A. , Switzerland M/s. Rieter, Switzerland M/s. Schubert &038 Salzer, Germany Names of IndianManufacturers M/s. bailiwick Machinery Mfrs. Ltd. , Bombay* M/s. M M C. , Calcutta M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. Texmaco, Calcutta* M/s. M M C, Bangalore* M/s. Indequip technology Ltd. , Ahmeda boastful M/s. LMW, Coimbatore M/s. New Standard Engg. Items Produced spin some Cards, captivate Frame, induce Frame, sonority Frame whirl Carding Engines and RH Can Fed Inter Frames rotate Flat Revolving Carding Engines, pull by Frame, velocity Frames Spinning Narrow Gauge Ring Frame Spinning Entire depart Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Entire range Spinning indulge Room, Cards, 9. M/s. Zinser, Germany M/s. Trutzschler, Germany M/s. Toyota, japan 10 11 2 M/s. Suessen, Germany * now non in execution Co. Ltd. , Mumbai* M/s. Padmatex Engg. , Baroda* M/s. Trumac, Ahmedabad M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda textile Machinery Pvt. Ltd. , Bangalore M/s. Suessen Asia, Pune commit Frames Spinning H. S. Draw Frame Spinning Blow Room, Cards, Draw Frames Spinning Ring Frame Spinning Ring Frame Due to crafty and vast recession in the stuff Industry, initial grittyschooler entailment nub coupled with uplifted rate of import debt instrument, non-transfer of modish engine room beneath collaboration agreements leading to import of machinery and so forth , the touch Indian Companies were closed land during 80s and betimes 90s.These are M/s. MMC, Kolkata and Bangalore M/s. Texmaco, Kolkata M/s. Indequip design, Ahmedabad M/s. New Standard Engg. Co. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Mafatlal Engg. Co. Ltd. Mumbai M/s. Textool Co. Ltd. , Coimbat ore M/s. Jeetstex Engg. Ltd. Coimbatore etc. magic spell M/s. LMW, M/s. Trumac, M/s. Zinser India, M/s. Suessen Asia, M/s. Kirloskar Toyoda could manage to stay in production. Why we are better in spinning machinery? There was Government support by way of Restricted import of spinning machinery virtually no import of spinning machinery of the same technology useable indigenously was allowed.No import of southward mitt spinning machinery was allowed. Import duty concession on raw materials, parts, components &038 accessories for production of specified machinery as the import duty in general, was very high. Besides, competition among the machinery manufacturers resulted in production of better quality machines. Reasons for non-development in the twine Machinery sphere of influence speckle the cloth design Industry took up manufacturing of Spinning machinery in full swing with the adequate Governments accessory measures mentioned above, the same did not happen in case of w eave machinery.During 60s (prior to 1970) the Industrial insurance prohibited the organized loiter sphere of influence to expand their weaving susceptibility. This was perhaps to support employment generation in the villages by the decentralized and dispersed handloom arena. It was out-of-pocket to this vilify policy, the unauthorized powerloom clusters started gaining grounds. Even many of the handloom clusters started converting into powerlooms. Since the municipalated use up for fabrics was growing fast receivable(p) to the population growth, the powerloom firmament in diametric parts of the state of matter started growing fast while the handloom sector started shrinking in genuineity. The fact is still not pass judgment by the Government). Today, there are over 20 hundred thousand powerlooms but handlooms, may not be more(prenominal) than 8 lakh, if not less During 70s the organized mill sector was allowed to replace ordinary powerlooms by automatic looms and w enchless looms on 41 basis. However, compulsory manufacture of controlled cloth by the mill about sector dampened the spirit of the move sector. Controlled cloth system of rules was done away with during 80s. Expectation of a good demand imputable to relief policy be activeed the manufacture of automatic looms by M/s.Cimmco, Gwalior in collaboration with M/s. Sakamoto, Japan and M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland during 70s. In the late 70s M/s. Lakshmi voluntary hulk Works Ltd. (LALW) started manufacturing Ruti C vitrine of automatic loom in collaboration with M/s. Ruti, Switzerland. M/s. Cimmco as rise up as M/s. Mafatlal Engineering Co. move to manufacture shuttleless looms in collaboration with M/s. Dornier, Germany, Toyoda, Japan and M/s. SACM, France respectively during betimes 80s. M/s. LALW also started making shuttleless tuck and air super acid looms during 80s.During 80s, the powerloom population which was hardly 7 lakh h ad grown to more than 10 lakhs. The policy of scrapping of powerlooms of the mill industry after replacement or closure failed miserably, all these powerlooms put up their way to the decentralized sector. The Government had no option but to regularize all unauthorised powerlooms ascribable to political pressure after announcement of 1985 Textile form _or_ system of government and subsequent Textile Control erect 1986, doing away with the age old powerloom set aside system. The textile strike during 1980s lame the Textile mill industry in Mumbai and Maharashtra.During this point in time the involved structure of the mill industry bust almost tell apartly. While the spinning sector prospered with the modern machinery, the take of working looms in the organized move sector shrunk considerably and most of the mills found it profitable to close down their weaving section due to bad grocery store condition, high address of labour, low productivity and cowling competition f rom the powerloom sector. As a result, there was practically no demand for the shuttleless looms construct by the both Companies mentioned above which prompted them to close down their shutters one by one.In the meantime, due to the pressure from the decentralized powerloom sector the Government was forced to allow import of chip hand weaving machinery which added to the woes of indigenous manufacturers of shuttleless looms. M/s. LALW also had to intercept the production of shuttleless looms subsequently. During 80s and upto 1991 there was protective grocery store for spinning and bear upon machinery but not for the weaving machinery due to high production cost and import of second hand looms. Initiatives discouraged after liberalizationThe Industrial Policy announced in 1991 liberalised the Industry in general to a considerable extent. The grocery store became open to the distant manufacturers and there was big competition. The spinning machinery makers came of age technol ogy sweet and capacitywise and there was also very high demand for spinning machinery. The weaving machinery could not prosper due to the onslaught of import of second hand machinery. There was no restriction on import of second hand weaving machinery before and after 1991. After 1992, there was no support of the Government either for development of weaving machinery or any other textile machinery.In this regard, the only commendable fact was that we became self-sufficient in distort Preparatory Machinery videlicet in high spirits Speed Sectional Warping, Direct Warping and coat matching with world class technology. M/s. Rabatex Industries, Ahmedabad M/s. Prashant Gamatex Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Amritlakshmi Machine Works, Mumbai and M/s. Jupiter Engineering Co. , Ahmedabad are the most reputed interior(prenominal) manufacturers. This could happen because there was less import of second hand machinery and the cost derivative between municipal and merchandise machinery was enormous and the machines were custom built.The indigenous shuttleless looms (older technology) which hurl been develop during the late 90s and premature 2000, however, could not bring forth a good trade due to the adverse policy of the Government i. e. import of second hand shuttleless looms under(a) concessional duty and also under concessional rate of interest under TUF. The situation continues. However, indigenous machinery manufacturers viz. M/s. Aalidhra Weavetech Pvt. Ltd. , Surat M/s. Bhavin Sales Corporation, Surat M/s. Dynamic Loom Mfg. Co. , Ahmedabad M/s. Dinkier Sokerjee Machines, Surat M/s. Friends Engg.Works, battle of Panipat M/s. Himson Textile Engg. Inds. Pvt. Ld. Surat M/s. Industrial Engg. Works, Bangalore M/s. Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Laxmi Textile Stores, Ahmedabad M/s. Lifebond Machines Pvt. Ltd. , Surat etc. have actual and are producing grouch beat up casing shuttleless looms with a facilitate between 450 calcifer ol mpm. All latest generation shuttleless looms i. e. var.jet, Waterjet, projectile &038 Rapier of European and Japanese livestock are high rush along, high tech, high productive and energy efficient racetrack at a quicken of d rpm and above.This machinery, though at a higher cost, is economically viable due to its quality and productivity, cost of fabric per quantity creation less than second hand machinery. Since cultivation 4/5 years, all saucy large textile units as hale as existing reputed textile units expanding capacity had been importing these kinds of machinery to make them commercially viable, e. g. Alok Industries, Welspun, GHCL, Vardhman Group, Century, Raymonds, etc. Therefore, machinery, if made/developed indigenously need to be cost competitive in all respects and cost of production per meter of fabric should be same or less with like quality standard.Then only the manufacturing would be viable and accepted by the Mill Industry/ Organized firmament. Unl ess there are disincentives for second hand machinery, there is no anticipate that the decentralized powerloom sector would go in for new machinery. Processing &038 Finishing Machinery Sector The history of the affect machinery manufacturing sector was roundwhat different. During 70s and 80s there were a number of irrelevant collaborations M/s. Mather &038 Platt, U. K. M/s. Reggiani, Italy M/s. Stork, Holland M/s. Gerber, M/s. Menzel and M/s. Eduard Kusters, GermanyMather &038 Platt (I) Ltd. * SBM Engg. * ATE (Stovec/Stormac*) varicolored Indl. Engineers* M/s. Artos &038 Benninger, Germany M/s. Famatex, Germany M/s. Obermeaier, Germany M/s. Toshin Kogyo, Japan * Presently not in operation T. Maneklal* Famatex India Ltd. * Dalal Engg. Star Indl. Engg. * Some Companies developed machinery by copying the imported technology viz. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers, M/s. SM Engg. etc. As mentioned earlier, composite structure of the textile industry broke in Europe during 70s. The same happened in India during 80s. This affected the treat sector.While spinning industry became more organized, competitive and export- worthy, the weaving and processing sectors became uncompetitive, decentralized and export unworthy. Since the Government boost low technology for the weaving sector (handlooms and ordinary powerlooms), the organized weaving sector in the mill industry could not come up. Similarly, the decentralized processing sector, which started with second hand machinery from the composite mill industry, did not modernize the units in course of time. The domestic manufacturers which had ollaboration prior to 1991 could not continue with their collaborators after 1991 as the market became open and the foreign manufacturers found it easier to market their machines in India or else than making the same under collaboration. During 80s as well as 90s strenuous efforts were put in by some of the Companies to develop machinery by way of re-engineering. Some of them beca me successful. However, some of the Companies had to close down their shutters due to tough competition in the open market after 1991. Many manufacturing units came into existence to produce low technology cheap machinery to connect the gap between demand and supply.This had resulted in manufacture of execrable quality machines and poor quality processing of textiles thereof. The sanctionment prone by the Government to the hand processing sector was misused and low technology prevailed. The prominent processing machinery makers who developed quality machines during 80s and 90s were 1. M/s. Calico Indl. Engineers, Mumbai* 2. M/s. Dalal Engg. Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 3. M/s. Devrekha Engineers, Surat 4. M/s. Harish Textile Engineers Ltd. , Mumbai 5. M/s. Mather &038 Platt (I) Ltd. , Mumbai* 6. M/s. Primatex Machinery Ltd. , Mumbai* 7. M/s. SLM Maneklal Ind. Ltd. , Mumbai* 8. M/s.SM Energy &038 Electronics, Mumbai 9. M/s. Standard stuffators (I) Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai 10. M/s. Stovec Indust ries Ltd. , Ahmedabad 11. M/s. Texprint Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad * Presently not in operation In the latter half of 90s again apothegm acute demand recession from the Textile Industry which continued upto 2002. During this period the Textile Engineering Industry started looking beyond the domestic demand. Export which was never more than Rs. 100 crore until 1988-89 started increasing and reached the level of Rs. 406 crore during 2002-03. There were exports of spinning as well as processing machinery.Some of the manufacturers could compete with the European manufacturers in processing machinery abroad with their high quality machines. Improved Demand The demand for textile machinery started picking up slowly after 2002 as the Technology Upgradation origin avoidance became popular by then. The Textile Industry was also expecting a better market after the st liberalized Quota Free Regime under WTO from 1 January, 2005. Major demand for machinery started after 2004 which has p rompted the Textile Engineering Industry to summation its production from the level of Rs. ,341 crore during 2003-04 to Rs. 2,780 crore during 2006-07. However, this happened mainly in spinning machinery and weaving preparatory machinery and to some extent in weaving and processing machinery. The weaving and processing machinery sectors though change magnitude their capacity to a considerable extent, has a long way to go. The processing sector started competing with foreign manufacturers since 1991 though sporadically. They have alter their technology and their machines are now adapted of producing fault free processed fabrics in little as well as continuous lots.The domestic demand for such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) machinery has also increased. M/s. Dhall Enterprises &038 Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad, M/s. Harish Enterprises Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai, M/s. Tex-Fab Engineers (India) Pvt. Ltd. , Navi Mumbai produced continuous discolour plants with latest technology for long length of fabric processing which are running successfully in the mills. The following manufacturers have exported their processing machines and take in a good name 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. M/s. Dalal Engineering Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Devrekha Exports (Bhagyarekha Engineers Pvt. Ltd. ), Surat M/s.Dhall Enterprises &038 Engineers Pvt. Ltd. , Ahmedabad M/s. Harish Enterprise Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai M/s. Kusters Calico Machinery (P) Ltd. , Vadodara M/s. Lakshmi Card Clothing Mfg. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , Coimbatore M/s. Yamuna Machine Works Pvt. Ltd. , Mumbai These manufacturers are in a position to make many high quality processing machines and compete with foreign manufacturers. Knitting/hosiery Machinery Knitting/Hosiery Industry as well as drape Industry was reserved for the subatomic scale sector. Both these sectors thrived initially with imported second hand machinery.Both Woven Garment and Hosiery Garment put together the total export of the country was only Rs. 5 crore during 1970-71. The exports increased to Rs. 500 crore in 1980 and today it is above Rs. 17,000 crore, thanks to the remotion of quota shackles under WTO, implemented by the Government couple of years back. Decentralised character of the Garment industry did not excite the TEI to take up the manufacture of plain machinery. As such this sector remained pretermit altogether. Some efforts were made to manufacture knit stitch machinery by two Companies viz. M/s.Lakshmi Automatic Loom Works Ltd. , Coimbatore and M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , Surat in late 80s. However, after liberalization of the Industrial Policy in 1991, imported machines became cheaper technology wise than the Indian machines due to which obviously there was no demand. Therefore, manufacture of knitting machinery had to be discontinued. Testing &038 Monitoring Equipments Sector As regards the Testing &038 Monitoring equipments are concerned, the textile industry was dependent on imported examen and monit oring equipments in 60s and early 70s.The Textile Engineering Industry started evolution such testing &038 monitoring equipments in the late 70s and today all kinds of high quality latest generation testing and monitoring equipments are being manufactured in the country. Some of the items are Air Jet Weaving Machine mastery Centralised Computerised Operation of Group of dyeing Machines with Dyeing Data Management computer software Package Fully Automatic High Volume Fibre Tester for continuance, Strength, Micronaire, Colour, folderal and Maturity module Multi-Channel Pre-Set Yarn Length Indicator &038 Controller for Winding/Texturising/TFO Machines with software package PackageYarn Evenness Tester Some name of the Companies manufacturing different categories of such instruments are under Paramount Instruments Pvt. Ltd. Pioneer Instruments &038 Innovations Premier Evolvics Pvt. Ltd. Semitronik Instruments Tex research laboratory Industries Thymas Electronic Pvt. Ltd. Growth of the Parts &038 Accessories Sector The growth of the textile industry along the length and breadth of the country initiated the manufacture of parts and accessories for their machinery. Today, barring a a fewer(prenominal) critical items of equipments and accessories lmost all kinds of parts and accessories of high quality are manufactured in the country. The number of such manufacturers could be nearly 800. Some of the important items manufactured here are Blow Room beaters, add-in clothing, cross-roll attachment for cards, top rollers for high speed draw frame, flyers for speed frames, rings, spindles, inserts, cots and aprons and variable drives for ring frame, production of monitoring data in spinning and weaving online quality checking systems, cloth guides, web straighteners in processing, etc. etc.The TEI not only fulfills the demand for spares from the domestic textile industry but also exports its products to Asia, Africa, the center of attention East, Far Ea st, Europe, America and other countries as well. The following table shows data on production of Textile Machinery Parts &038 Accessories during the last 15 years Year 1985-86 1990-91 1999-2000 2004-05 2006-07 Rs. in Crores 83. 43 208. 59 288. 79 276. 44 339. 68 Synthetic Yarn and Fabric Processing Machinery Sector Synthetic weaving sector of the textile industry which was mixed-up in different parts of the country in early 70s became localized in Surat, Bhiwandi, Belgaum.During 80s and 90s the unreal sector was dominantly established in and around Surat, Gujarat. This simultaneously necessitated the development of synthetic yarn and fabric processing machinery. As a result the Textile Engineering Industry located in and around Surat and Mumbai developed draw texturising machines, draw twisters, two-for-one twisters for string yarn, zero-twist filament sizing machines, rewinders, precision strobile winding machines, etc. etc. to a greater extent successful manufacturers are M/s. Himson Textile Engineering Industries Pvt. Ltd. , M/s. Aalidhra Textile Engineers Pvt. Ltd. Meera Industries, etc. The synthetic mechanical processing machinery was being imported during 70s and 80s. However, with the development of such machinery indigenously, we are not only catering to the domestic demand but also trade the same. More and more developments are fetching place due to the demand for such machinery. Conclusion Thus the Textile Engineering Industry could develop all types of textile machinery except garment machinery, high speed sophisticated knitting machinery, high speed shuttleless loom (rapier and air jet) and some of the latest generation processing and finishing machinery.The reasons for not developing these machinery have been categorically explained in the foregoing paras. What the TEI expects and aspires Under the above background it is felt that there is a real need to develop and manufacture all kinds of textile machinery in the country as per the existi ng and expected demand. Government should encourage these efforts and should come forward to help this Rs. 3,000- 4,000-crore capacity industry in a plenary and systematic manner with short and long term policy measures. It should take take note of the developments of textile machinery made by china during the last 10 years.What chinaware did? 1. forced the foreign manufacturers to start manufacturing their brands in China by not allowing the import of machines from abroad. 2. Financed the domestic manufacturers for setting up the complete plants with large capacities. 3. No second hand machinery import 4. Incentives given for replacement of old machinery with new machinery. Incidentally, it may be mentioned that China had 6 lakhs ordinary powerlooms/automatic looms prior to 2002. Today, they have shuttleless looms (2, 50, 000 to 3,00,000 approx. ). There may be few ordinary powerlooms in villages and automatic shuttle looms in some corners.No estimate of such looms is visible (prenominal). They have installed large machinery manufacturing capacities and are also exporting all kinds of textile machinery at a cheaper price. Therefore, the following measures are unavoidable to improve the present condition of the Indian TEI A) Policy Measures Scheme for Modernisation, technology upgradation and productivity advancement of the Textile Engineering Industry (TEI). The interest remission under the final cause should be 5% with one time 10% Capital Subsidy over &038 above interest remission (Similar Schemes are available for the Textile Industry).Scheme to support query &038 Development. o o Suitable dandy grants and annual recurring grants for the existing R Centre at IIT, Powai, Mumbai. Suitable slap-up grants for the R Institutions located at Surat, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Delhi, Panipat and Ludhiana willing to take up R for textile machinery. Capital grant for indigenous development of machinery to the new projects as well as existing projects w hich got delayed due to lack of funds. Tax break/vacation for the manufacture of High Speed Shuttlelesss Looms/ high technology processing and finishing machinery for a period of five years.To allow import of complete sophisticated machinery in CKD/ SKD condition at concessional rate of import duty for a minimum period of three years without any restrictions for manufacturing textile machinery under collaboration/joint venture/import of designs and drawings or by way of reengineering. Ban import of machinery where similar technology machines are available indigenously e. g. shuttleless rapier loom crank beat-up type, water jet Looms (800 rpm) etc. Import of textile machinery in second hand condition should not be allowed under the Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme/20% CLCS Scheme.Ban on import of second hand shuttleless looms with weft entry rate less than 800 mtrs. per minute. Revival of TIFAC scheme for development of textile machinery with 90% lend component and softer rate of interest of 3%. B) Fiscal Measures Reduction of excise duty from 14% to 8% Excise duty on parts, components and accessories of the machines be reduced to 8%. Maintaining the floor level customs duty on textile machinery at 7. 5% without any exemptions Uniform rate of customs duty for complete machinery and raw materials, parts, components &038 accessoriesUniform treatment to the domestic suppliers of machinery to EPCG license holders. 150% burthen Income Tax deduction for R use of goods and services made by the Textile Engineering units. If the above measures are taken seriously, the TEI aspires to make available modern machinery and equipment both in quantum and quality to meet the future unavoidably of the textile industry at short delivery periods coupled with effective and prompt after-sales-service. About the Author The author is the deposit of The Textile Machinery Manufactures Association.